Index
427
properties of
calorific value, 231
flammability, 230
octane number, 229–230
Wobbe index, 230–231
reduction in air pollution, 227
refueling system
mother daughter concept, 233–234
on-line station concept, 233–234
slow and fast fill, 233
safety measures for, 234–236
autoignition temperature, 235
inspection and maintenance, 236
remote central locking system, 236
storage of, 231
adsorbent technologies, 232
conformable shaped tanks, 232
liquefied gas systems, 232
vehicles, in, 228
working pressure, 233
Compression ignition (CI) engines
hydrogen in
direct injection, 273–274
dual fuel mode operation, 272–273
Conradson carbon residue (CCR), 64
Copper strip corrosion, 66
CPO, see Catalytic partial-oxidation
(CPO)
Crude oil, 4, 82
consumption
and Arab–Israeli wars, 5
Iranian revolution, 5
Iran–Iraq war, 5
Iraqi attack on Kuwait, 5
Islamic revolution in Iran, 5
prices and, 5
production projection, 5
refining for LPG production, 204
D
DEE, see Diethyl ether (DEE)
Developed countries
greenhouse emissions, 6
Human Development Report of
2007, 6
Developing countries
air pollution in, 6
crude oil consumption, 2, 5
economic growth and hydrocarbon
industry, 2
environmental and air pollution, 6
per capita energy consumption, 3
Diesel fuel, 22, 25, 129
biodegradability of, 137
Diesel-fueled engine
combustion and emission
characteristics, 96
cylinder head of, 34
piston top, 35
Diesel–methanol (DMMC), 105
Diesel pollutants, 7
Diethyl ether (DEE)
as cold-start aid for engines, 15
as renewable fuel additive, 15
storage stability of, 15
Dilution of vegetable oils, 28
Dimethyl carbonate (DMC), 84
Dimethyl ether (DME)
as alternative of petroleum-based
fuels, 167–168
application of
in domestic area, 194
fuel cells, 194–195
generation of power and
industrial burners, 193–194
internal combustion engine fuel,
186–193
bio-DME, 410–411
catalytic dehydration, 410
characterization, 410
coal/biomass
gasification process, 412
H 2 /CO ratio, 412
decomposition, of carbon
dioxide, 167
description, 410
distribution networks, 410
DMC, 84
economic issues pertaining to
industrial/gas turbine, 196
internal combustion engines,
195–196
use in domestic area, 196
future of, 199–200
greenhouse gas emissions from,
197–198
handling of, 169
427
properties of
calorific value, 231
flammability, 230
octane number, 229–230
Wobbe index, 230–231
reduction in air pollution, 227
refueling system
mother daughter concept, 233–234
on-line station concept, 233–234
slow and fast fill, 233
safety measures for, 234–236
autoignition temperature, 235
inspection and maintenance, 236
remote central locking system, 236
storage of, 231
adsorbent technologies, 232
conformable shaped tanks, 232
liquefied gas systems, 232
vehicles, in, 228
working pressure, 233
Compression ignition (CI) engines
hydrogen in
direct injection, 273–274
dual fuel mode operation, 272–273
Conradson carbon residue (CCR), 64
Copper strip corrosion, 66
CPO, see Catalytic partial-oxidation
(CPO)
Crude oil, 4, 82
consumption
and Arab–Israeli wars, 5
Iranian revolution, 5
Iran–Iraq war, 5
Iraqi attack on Kuwait, 5
Islamic revolution in Iran, 5
prices and, 5
production projection, 5
refining for LPG production, 204
D
DEE, see Diethyl ether (DEE)
Developed countries
greenhouse emissions, 6
Human Development Report of
2007, 6
Developing countries
air pollution in, 6
crude oil consumption, 2, 5
economic growth and hydrocarbon
industry, 2
environmental and air pollution, 6
per capita energy consumption, 3
Diesel fuel, 22, 25, 129
biodegradability of, 137
Diesel-fueled engine
combustion and emission
characteristics, 96
cylinder head of, 34
piston top, 35
Diesel–methanol (DMMC), 105
Diesel pollutants, 7
Diethyl ether (DEE)
as cold-start aid for engines, 15
as renewable fuel additive, 15
storage stability of, 15
Dilution of vegetable oils, 28
Dimethyl carbonate (DMC), 84
Dimethyl ether (DME)
as alternative of petroleum-based
fuels, 167–168
application of
in domestic area, 194
fuel cells, 194–195
generation of power and
industrial burners, 193–194
internal combustion engine fuel,
186–193
bio-DME, 410–411
catalytic dehydration, 410
characterization, 410
coal/biomass
gasification process, 412
H 2 /CO ratio, 412
decomposition, of carbon
dioxide, 167
description, 410
distribution networks, 410
DMC, 84
economic issues pertaining to
industrial/gas turbine, 196
internal combustion engines,
195–196
use in domestic area, 196
future of, 199–200
greenhouse gas emissions from,
197–198
handling of, 169