426
Index
Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
defined, 99
results at different
injection timings, 100–101
loads, 100
Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 99
results at different
injection timings, 102
loads, 101
BSEC, see Brake specific energy
consumption (BSEC)
BSFC, see Brake specific fuel
consumption (BSFC)
BTE, see Brake thermal efficiency (BTE)
BTME, see Beef tallow methyl esters
(BTME)
C
Carbon dioxide emission
percentage change in, 114
Carbon monoxide
emissions
formation of, 106
injection timings for, 107
methanol, 106
and pollution, 8
Carbonyl compounds (CBCs), 104
Carnot cycle, 322
Catalyst, 48
Catalytic partial-oxidation (CPO), 340
CBCs, see Carbonyl compounds (CBCs)
CCR, see Conradson carbon residue
(CCR)
Cellulose conversion technology, 133
CFPP, see Cold filter plugging point
(CFPP)
Charging techniques, EVs batteries
aqueous batteries, 315
current control, 314
lead–acid battery
chargers, 314
constant current and constant
voltage phases, 314
reduction, 314
voltage, 314
Li-ion battery, 315
China
crude oil consumption, 5
Clean Air Act of 1970, 130
Clean Urban Transport for Europe
(CUTE), 339
Closed-loop lambda control system, 210
Cloud point, 61
CNG, see Compressed
natural gas (CNG)
Coal, 87
in China
estimation of production from,
184
gasification of, 87
as source of energy, 1
Coaxial magnetic gear
configuration, 382
drawbacks, 382
machines coupled, 383–384
modulating ring, 382
power split, 383
speed transmission, 383
torque transmission
relationship, 382
Cold filter plugging point (CFPP), 60–61
Combustible wastes, 1
Complex hybrid system
configuration
and series–parallel hybrid, 365
dual axle operation, 372–374
Compressed hydrogen, 282–283
Compressed natural gas (CNG), 9
advantages of, 227, 240–241
distribution efficiency/safety, 240
energy security, 240
flexibility, 240–241
operating cost, 240
transition to hydrogen, 241
antiknocking property of, 13
application of, 228
challenges for, 241
driving range, 241
on-board NG fuel tanks, 241
vehicle cost, 241
combined cycle power plants in, 228
distribution of, 232–234
cascade type storage vessels, 233
engine tests of
natural gas in CI engines, 238–240
natural gas in SI engines, 237–238
lean flammability limit, 13
Index
Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
defined, 99
results at different
injection timings, 100–101
loads, 100
Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 99
results at different
injection timings, 102
loads, 101
BSEC, see Brake specific energy
consumption (BSEC)
BSFC, see Brake specific fuel
consumption (BSFC)
BTE, see Brake thermal efficiency (BTE)
BTME, see Beef tallow methyl esters
(BTME)
C
Carbon dioxide emission
percentage change in, 114
Carbon monoxide
emissions
formation of, 106
injection timings for, 107
methanol, 106
and pollution, 8
Carbonyl compounds (CBCs), 104
Carnot cycle, 322
Catalyst, 48
Catalytic partial-oxidation (CPO), 340
CBCs, see Carbonyl compounds (CBCs)
CCR, see Conradson carbon residue
(CCR)
Cellulose conversion technology, 133
CFPP, see Cold filter plugging point
(CFPP)
Charging techniques, EVs batteries
aqueous batteries, 315
current control, 314
lead–acid battery
chargers, 314
constant current and constant
voltage phases, 314
reduction, 314
voltage, 314
Li-ion battery, 315
China
crude oil consumption, 5
Clean Air Act of 1970, 130
Clean Urban Transport for Europe
(CUTE), 339
Closed-loop lambda control system, 210
Cloud point, 61
CNG, see Compressed
natural gas (CNG)
Coal, 87
in China
estimation of production from,
184
gasification of, 87
as source of energy, 1
Coaxial magnetic gear
configuration, 382
drawbacks, 382
machines coupled, 383–384
modulating ring, 382
power split, 383
speed transmission, 383
torque transmission
relationship, 382
Cold filter plugging point (CFPP), 60–61
Combustible wastes, 1
Complex hybrid system
configuration
and series–parallel hybrid, 365
dual axle operation, 372–374
Compressed hydrogen, 282–283
Compressed natural gas (CNG), 9
advantages of, 227, 240–241
distribution efficiency/safety, 240
energy security, 240
flexibility, 240–241
operating cost, 240
transition to hydrogen, 241
antiknocking property of, 13
application of, 228
challenges for, 241
driving range, 241
on-board NG fuel tanks, 241
vehicle cost, 241
combined cycle power plants in, 228
distribution of, 232–234
cascade type storage vessels, 233
engine tests of
natural gas in CI engines, 238–240
natural gas in SI engines, 237–238
lean flammability limit, 13