Index
425
properties, 58
acid number, 66
antioxidant dosage effect, 63
CCR, 64
cetane number, 60
CFPP, 60–61
copper strip corrosion, 66
density, 60
distillation characteristics, 60
ester content, 63–64
flash point, 59
free and total glycerol, 62
induction period, 62
kinematic viscosity, 59–60
lubricity, 67
methanol/ethanol content, 67
oxidation stability, 61–62
phosphorous levels, 67
pour and cloud point, 61
sodium and potassium content, 69
sulfated ash, 66
sulphur content, 64
water and sediment content, 59
WSD of, 68–69
quality standards
ASTM D 6751 specifications, 70
fatty acid composition, 69
postproduction parameters, 69
production process and
ingredients used, 69
quality of feedstock, 69
supercritical alcoholysis
advantages of, 53
ultrasonic transesterification
advantages of, 57
biodiesel, 56
isolated methyl esters, yield of, 57
low frequency ultrasound, 56
reaction time, 56
ultrasonic reactors, 56
ultrasonic wave, velocity of, 56
vegetable oil, 44
well-to-wheel energy
consumption, 12
Biodimethyl ether production
process, 412
Bioethanol
blended gasoline, 396–397
cellulose biomass properties, 397
chemical hydrolysis
diluted acid process, 397–398
enzymatic hydrolysis
celluloses, 398
pretreatment processes, 398
first generation, production, 397
lignocellulose materials, 397
production process, 398
properties
antiknock characteristics, 398
blending, gasoline, 398–399
diesel, blend with, 399
ethyl tertiary butyl ether
(ETBE), 399
Reid vapor pressure, 398
Biofuels, 394
properties, 420–422
vegetable oils, 394–395
Biohydrogen
applications, 407
fermentation process
carbohydrates, 406–407
sweet sorghum, 407
gasification process
fixed bed and fluidized bed
technologies, syngas, 405
low temperature, 405
hydrogen
and gasoline, 405
production, 405
pyrolysis
bio-oils, 405
fast, 406
slow, 405
temperatures and
pressure, 405
SCWG
operations, 406
supercritical water, 406
Biomass
origin fuels, 394
thermochemical conversion, 14
BOCLE method, see Ball on cylinder
lubricity evaluator (BOCLE)
method
Boiling liquid expanding vapor
explosion (BLEVE), 224
Brake specific energy consumption
(BSEC), 102
425
properties, 58
acid number, 66
antioxidant dosage effect, 63
CCR, 64
cetane number, 60
CFPP, 60–61
copper strip corrosion, 66
density, 60
distillation characteristics, 60
ester content, 63–64
flash point, 59
free and total glycerol, 62
induction period, 62
kinematic viscosity, 59–60
lubricity, 67
methanol/ethanol content, 67
oxidation stability, 61–62
phosphorous levels, 67
pour and cloud point, 61
sodium and potassium content, 69
sulfated ash, 66
sulphur content, 64
water and sediment content, 59
WSD of, 68–69
quality standards
ASTM D 6751 specifications, 70
fatty acid composition, 69
postproduction parameters, 69
production process and
ingredients used, 69
quality of feedstock, 69
supercritical alcoholysis
advantages of, 53
ultrasonic transesterification
advantages of, 57
biodiesel, 56
isolated methyl esters, yield of, 57
low frequency ultrasound, 56
reaction time, 56
ultrasonic reactors, 56
ultrasonic wave, velocity of, 56
vegetable oil, 44
well-to-wheel energy
consumption, 12
Biodimethyl ether production
process, 412
Bioethanol
blended gasoline, 396–397
cellulose biomass properties, 397
chemical hydrolysis
diluted acid process, 397–398
enzymatic hydrolysis
celluloses, 398
pretreatment processes, 398
first generation, production, 397
lignocellulose materials, 397
production process, 398
properties
antiknock characteristics, 398
blending, gasoline, 398–399
diesel, blend with, 399
ethyl tertiary butyl ether
(ETBE), 399
Reid vapor pressure, 398
Biofuels, 394
properties, 420–422
vegetable oils, 394–395
Biohydrogen
applications, 407
fermentation process
carbohydrates, 406–407
sweet sorghum, 407
gasification process
fixed bed and fluidized bed
technologies, syngas, 405
low temperature, 405
hydrogen
and gasoline, 405
production, 405
pyrolysis
bio-oils, 405
fast, 406
slow, 405
temperatures and
pressure, 405
SCWG
operations, 406
supercritical water, 406
Biomass
origin fuels, 394
thermochemical conversion, 14
BOCLE method, see Ball on cylinder
lubricity evaluator (BOCLE)
method
Boiling liquid expanding vapor
explosion (BLEVE), 224
Brake specific energy consumption
(BSEC), 102