424
Index
Anaerobic fermentation, 14
ASTM D1520 test method, 61, 134
Auto-thermal reforming (ATR), 340
B
Ball on cylinder lubricity evaluator
(BOCLE) method, 67
Battery electric vehicle (BEV)
driving range and initial cost,
barriers, 362
energy efficiency, 362
Battery management system, 297
Battery powered electric vehicles, 322
Battery storage systems
electrochemical, 304
EV batteries, 305–306
primary
alkaline and zinc–carbon, 304
energy densities, 304
secondary (see Rechargeable
batteries)
Beef tallow methyl esters (BTME), 47
BEV, see Battery electric vehicle (BEV)
Biodegradability, 137
Biodiesel fuel
acid catalyst transesterification
alcohols, 50
catalyst free supercritical
methanolysis process, 52
equation, 50
FFAs, 49–51
glycerol, 52
low quality feedstock, 49
mechanism of, 50
methanol, 52
methanolysis process, 53
noncatalytic process, 52
vegetable oil, 51
water content, 52
alkaline catalyst transesterification
process
alcohol, 45
alcohol/oil molar ratio, 47
catalyst, 48
equation, 45
mixing intensity, 48–49
nucleophilic attack of, 46
purification, 46–47
purity of reactants, 49
reaction temperature, 48
reaction time, effect, 49
sodium hydroxide–alcohol
solution, 46
of vegetable oils, 45–46
biodiesel−diesel engine
brake thermal efficiency, 73
carbon dioxide emissions, 74–75
durability studies, 77–78
exhaust emission, 74
fuel consumption, 73
hydrocarbon emissions, 74
NO x emissions, 75–76
PM emissions, 76
challenges for
amount of petroleum needed, 78
cost, 78
emission benefits, 78
energy in, 78
NO x emissions, 78
requirement of warranty, 78
chromatogram of, 64
composition and acid values, 65
conversion of
alcohol, 44
diglycerides, 44
esters, 45
glycerol, 44
monoglycerides, 44
triglycerides, 44
engine tests, 70
components, effect of, 77
emission studies, 71–77
performance parameters, 71
EN 14214 specification, 71
Euro IV/V norms, 67
IS 15607: 2005 specification, 72
lipase catalyzed transesterification
advantages of, 55
enzymatic, 54
vegetable oils, 54
yield of, 55
process equipments, 57
comparison of, 58
gear pumps used, 58
production
ingredient, 83
methods, comparison of, 57
Index
Anaerobic fermentation, 14
ASTM D1520 test method, 61, 134
Auto-thermal reforming (ATR), 340
B
Ball on cylinder lubricity evaluator
(BOCLE) method, 67
Battery electric vehicle (BEV)
driving range and initial cost,
barriers, 362
energy efficiency, 362
Battery management system, 297
Battery powered electric vehicles, 322
Battery storage systems
electrochemical, 304
EV batteries, 305–306
primary
alkaline and zinc–carbon, 304
energy densities, 304
secondary (see Rechargeable
batteries)
Beef tallow methyl esters (BTME), 47
BEV, see Battery electric vehicle (BEV)
Biodegradability, 137
Biodiesel fuel
acid catalyst transesterification
alcohols, 50
catalyst free supercritical
methanolysis process, 52
equation, 50
FFAs, 49–51
glycerol, 52
low quality feedstock, 49
mechanism of, 50
methanol, 52
methanolysis process, 53
noncatalytic process, 52
vegetable oil, 51
water content, 52
alkaline catalyst transesterification
process
alcohol, 45
alcohol/oil molar ratio, 47
catalyst, 48
equation, 45
mixing intensity, 48–49
nucleophilic attack of, 46
purification, 46–47
purity of reactants, 49
reaction temperature, 48
reaction time, effect, 49
sodium hydroxide–alcohol
solution, 46
of vegetable oils, 45–46
biodiesel−diesel engine
brake thermal efficiency, 73
carbon dioxide emissions, 74–75
durability studies, 77–78
exhaust emission, 74
fuel consumption, 73
hydrocarbon emissions, 74
NO x emissions, 75–76
PM emissions, 76
challenges for
amount of petroleum needed, 78
cost, 78
emission benefits, 78
energy in, 78
NO x emissions, 78
requirement of warranty, 78
chromatogram of, 64
composition and acid values, 65
conversion of
alcohol, 44
diglycerides, 44
esters, 45
glycerol, 44
monoglycerides, 44
triglycerides, 44
engine tests, 70
components, effect of, 77
emission studies, 71–77
performance parameters, 71
EN 14214 specification, 71
Euro IV/V norms, 67
IS 15607: 2005 specification, 72
lipase catalyzed transesterification
advantages of, 55
enzymatic, 54
vegetable oils, 54
yield of, 55
process equipments, 57
comparison of, 58
gear pumps used, 58
production
ingredient, 83
methods, comparison of, 57