Index
Acid catalyst transesterification
alcohols, 50
equation, 50
FFA, 49–50
low quality feedstock, 49
mechanism of, 50
Acid number, 66
Aerosol, dimethyl ether production
and, 180
AFC, see Alkaline fuel cells (AFC)
Air pollution
in developing countries, 6
Alcohol
air-fuel ratio (AFR) of, 137
as alternative fuels
ethanol, 11
methanol, 10–11
autoignition temperature, 136–137
corrosiveness of, 161
ethanol, 136
flash point, 136–137
oil molar ratio
conversion efficiency with, 47
ester conversion with, 51
Algae biodiesel
advantages, 417
algae cultivation
challenges, 415
chlorophyll molecules, 415
in closed containers and fed
sugar, 415
growth components, 414–415
microalgae, 415–416
oil production, 416
photobioreactors, 415
photosynthesis, 415
pressing and hexane solvent
method, 416
supercritical fluids method, 416
algae growth, 414
commercialization, 416
markers, 414
production, 414
processes, 415
Alkaline-catalyzed transesterification
process
biodiesel, purification
BTME, 47
distillation column, 46
free fatty acid (FFA), 46–47
glycerol, 46
saponification reaction, 46
triglycerides, 46
equation, 46
KOH and methanol, mixture, 46
of vegetable oils, 45–46
Alkaline fuel cells (AFC), 264
Alternating current (AC) motor
advantages, 303
categories, 303–304
Alternative fuels
advantages with
domestic resources from, 8
engine emissions, 9
lower cost, 9
vehicle exhaust emission, 9
alcohols as
ethanol, 11
methanol, 10–11
derived from, 8
gaseous fuels as
electric/fuel cell/hybrid vehicles,
15–16
ether, 14–15
hydrogen, 13–14
LPG, 13
natural gas, 12–13
next generation fuels, 16–17
large-scale production of, 9
parameters
engine modification, 9
environmental compatibility, 9
investment cost, 9
manufacturer warranty, 9
transportation, 9
volumetric and mass energy
density, 9
vegetable oils and biodiesel as, 11–12
423
Acid catalyst transesterification
alcohols, 50
equation, 50
FFA, 49–50
low quality feedstock, 49
mechanism of, 50
Acid number, 66
Aerosol, dimethyl ether production
and, 180
AFC, see Alkaline fuel cells (AFC)
Air pollution
in developing countries, 6
Alcohol
air-fuel ratio (AFR) of, 137
as alternative fuels
ethanol, 11
methanol, 10–11
autoignition temperature, 136–137
corrosiveness of, 161
ethanol, 136
flash point, 136–137
oil molar ratio
conversion efficiency with, 47
ester conversion with, 51
Algae biodiesel
advantages, 417
algae cultivation
challenges, 415
chlorophyll molecules, 415
in closed containers and fed
sugar, 415
growth components, 414–415
microalgae, 415–416
oil production, 416
photobioreactors, 415
photosynthesis, 415
pressing and hexane solvent
method, 416
supercritical fluids method, 416
algae growth, 414
commercialization, 416
markers, 414
production, 414
processes, 415
Alkaline-catalyzed transesterification
process
biodiesel, purification
BTME, 47
distillation column, 46
free fatty acid (FFA), 46–47
glycerol, 46
saponification reaction, 46
triglycerides, 46
equation, 46
KOH and methanol, mixture, 46
of vegetable oils, 45–46
Alkaline fuel cells (AFC), 264
Alternating current (AC) motor
advantages, 303
categories, 303–304
Alternative fuels
advantages with
domestic resources from, 8
engine emissions, 9
lower cost, 9
vehicle exhaust emission, 9
alcohols as
ethanol, 11
methanol, 10–11
derived from, 8
gaseous fuels as
electric/fuel cell/hybrid vehicles,
15–16
ether, 14–15
hydrogen, 13–14
LPG, 13
natural gas, 12–13
next generation fuels, 16–17
large-scale production of, 9
parameters
engine modification, 9
environmental compatibility, 9
investment cost, 9
manufacturer warranty, 9
transportation, 9
volumetric and mass energy
density, 9
vegetable oils and biodiesel as, 11–12
423