12.80
12.40
12.00
11.60
11.20
Carbon dioxide, %
1000 rpm
2000
3000
4000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Ethanol, %
140
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
4.4
4.0
1000 rpm
2000
3000
4000
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6
Carbon monoxide, %
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Ethanol, %
Figure 5.4
CO emissions with ethanol–gasoline blends. (From Al-Hasan, M., Energy Conversion and
Management, 44, 1547–61, 2003. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Publication.)
Figure 5.5
CO 2 emissions with ethanol–gasoline blends. (From Al-Hasan, M., Energy Conversion and
Management, 44, 1547–61, 2003. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Publication.)
The exhaust emissions of various blends of gasoline–ethanol with respect to
gasoline at idle speed is shown in Figure 5.7. Ethanol emissions in the engine
exhaust is shown in Figure 5.8.
Unregulated emissions of a gasoline–ethanol fueled, 66 kW, multipoint
fuel injection system (MPFI) engine were analyzed by He et al. (2003a and