51. This story was recounted by Hermann Lütge, a mechanic at Haber’s
Institute. It is unreliable however as he was not present at the reception
himself, but he claimed to have heard of the events from the Haber’s
household servants. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 166.
52. According the account given by Friedrich (et al.), One Hundred Years of the
Fritz Haber Institute. B. Friedrich, D. Hoffmann and J. James.
http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/mp/friedrich/PDFs/ACh-100-Article.pdf,
p. 11. A later account by Friedrich and Hoffmann shows decisively however
that Clara’s suicide, and the myth that grew up around it, was a much more
complex affair than simply gas warfare. See, Bretislav Friedrich, Dieter
Hoffmann, ‘Clara Immerwahr: A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber’, in One
Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences.
Springer Open, (2017), 45–67.
53. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 176.
54. From, Chris Bowlby, Fritz Haber: Jewish Chemist whose work led to Zyklon B,
BBC Radio 4, broadcast Tuesday 12 April 2011.
55. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 151.
56. Coates, op. cit. (note 5), p. 1660.
57. For example, F. Haber, Fünf Vorträge, Berlin, Julius Springer, (1924).
Haber’s Lectures on Chemistry and War.
58. The earlier account by Friedrich, (et al.), op. cit. (note 52), p. 12.
59. Coates, op. cit. (note 5), p. 1660.
60. German difficulties were compounded by the entry of the Americans into the
war in April 1917, even though the Bolshevik rebellion in Russia freed
German troops for the Western Front. By now the troops the were exhausted
and demoralized and they lost a number of battles during 1918 largely due to
improved Allied technology (tanks and aircraft). The loss of the Balkans
deprived Germany of both food and oil, precipitating army and naval
mutinies and civilian starvation. In November 1918, after suffering
6,000,000 casualties, Germany signed the Armistice and revolution broke
out leading to the fall of Imperial Germany and a republican Government—
the ‘Weimar’ Republic.
61. Szöllössi-Janze. op. cit. (note 37), p. 480.
62. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 189.
63. The recollections of Eva (née Haber) Lewis, the 94-year-old daughter of Fritz
Haber describing the philosophy of her father in the BBC radio programme,
‘Nitrogen’, on 04 January 2013, part of the ‘The Why Factor’ series. He
actually said … ‘In peace for mankind, in war for my country’, in his resignation letter of 01 October 1933. From the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, cited
in Jens Ulrich Heine: Verstand & Schicksal. Die Männer der I.G.
Farbenindustrie A.G. Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, (1990), p. 202.
64. Immediately after the war, Haber’s Institute developed a cyanide-based
compound Zyklon A, based on a substance used during the war to rid flour
13 Haber and the Chemist’s War 1914–18
271
Institute. It is unreliable however as he was not present at the reception
himself, but he claimed to have heard of the events from the Haber’s
household servants. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 166.
52. According the account given by Friedrich (et al.), One Hundred Years of the
Fritz Haber Institute. B. Friedrich, D. Hoffmann and J. James.
http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/mp/friedrich/PDFs/ACh-100-Article.pdf,
p. 11. A later account by Friedrich and Hoffmann shows decisively however
that Clara’s suicide, and the myth that grew up around it, was a much more
complex affair than simply gas warfare. See, Bretislav Friedrich, Dieter
Hoffmann, ‘Clara Immerwahr: A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber’, in One
Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences.
Springer Open, (2017), 45–67.
53. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 176.
54. From, Chris Bowlby, Fritz Haber: Jewish Chemist whose work led to Zyklon B,
BBC Radio 4, broadcast Tuesday 12 April 2011.
55. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 151.
56. Coates, op. cit. (note 5), p. 1660.
57. For example, F. Haber, Fünf Vorträge, Berlin, Julius Springer, (1924).
Haber’s Lectures on Chemistry and War.
58. The earlier account by Friedrich, (et al.), op. cit. (note 52), p. 12.
59. Coates, op. cit. (note 5), p. 1660.
60. German difficulties were compounded by the entry of the Americans into the
war in April 1917, even though the Bolshevik rebellion in Russia freed
German troops for the Western Front. By now the troops the were exhausted
and demoralized and they lost a number of battles during 1918 largely due to
improved Allied technology (tanks and aircraft). The loss of the Balkans
deprived Germany of both food and oil, precipitating army and naval
mutinies and civilian starvation. In November 1918, after suffering
6,000,000 casualties, Germany signed the Armistice and revolution broke
out leading to the fall of Imperial Germany and a republican Government—
the ‘Weimar’ Republic.
61. Szöllössi-Janze. op. cit. (note 37), p. 480.
62. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 189.
63. The recollections of Eva (née Haber) Lewis, the 94-year-old daughter of Fritz
Haber describing the philosophy of her father in the BBC radio programme,
‘Nitrogen’, on 04 January 2013, part of the ‘The Why Factor’ series. He
actually said … ‘In peace for mankind, in war for my country’, in his resignation letter of 01 October 1933. From the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, cited
in Jens Ulrich Heine: Verstand & Schicksal. Die Männer der I.G.
Farbenindustrie A.G. Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, (1990), p. 202.
64. Immediately after the war, Haber’s Institute developed a cyanide-based
compound Zyklon A, based on a substance used during the war to rid flour
13 Haber and the Chemist’s War 1914–18
271