those who returned, many were already married and others were not marriageable due to injury and psychological damage.
31. Adapted from the BBC’s, 37 Days to War, Part 3, broadcast 08 March 2014.
32. Wilhelm Ostwald, Lebenslinien: Eine Selbstbiographie. (Lifelines: An autobiography). Volume 2, Chap. 12, Berlin: Klasing, (1926).
33. This aspect is addressed in Chap. 14. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 177,
estimates 1,725,000 Marks in 1918 alone, but this is probably an
overestimate.
34. Smil, op. cit. (note 28), p. 202, his reference no. 4.
35. Such as they were at the time, for many scientists had been called to the
front. Haber himself being promoted to Hauptmann, (Captain) on the
express order of the Kaiser. Part of the Institute had even been converted into
a crèche.
36. The principal conventions here being the Brussels Declaration of 1874 and
subsequent bans by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. The Treaty
of 1899 prohibited the use of projectiles containing asphyxiating or poisonous gasses.
37. Probably the best accounts can be found in; Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6),
Margit Szöllösi-Janze, Fritz Haber 1868–1934: Eine Biographie. C. H. Beck,
Munich, (1998), and Ludwig Fritz Haber, The Poisonous Cloud. Chemical
Warfare in the First World War, Oxford, (1986).
38. See Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 132 for a brief review.
39. Coates, op. cit. (note 5), p. 1658.
40. Tear gas was used by the Germans on the Eastern Front in Poland in January
1915 against Russian troops who had ‘dug in’ near the town of W.
Bolimowie, Przedszkol. (‘Bolimov’.) In view of the dispersal problem, it was a
test-bed for chemical warfare delivery systems and the German forces fired
18,000 gas shells which incapacitated the Russian troops and confused the
authorities as to what could have happened. The incident went unreported
and never investigated. Huw Strachan, The First World War, Part 5/10, BBC,
broadcast 18 March 2014. Also published by Penguin Books, (2005).
ISBN-10 0143035185, ISBN-13 978-0143035183.
41. ‘Cacodyl’ is tetramethyldiarsine C 4 H 12 As 2 , see also Chap. 2 and Bunsen.
42. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 155.
43. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 160.
44. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 161.
45. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 138, his reference no. 28.
46. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 165.
47. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 175.
48. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 140.
49. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 176, his reference no. 8.
50. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 166.
270
D. Sheppard
31. Adapted from the BBC’s, 37 Days to War, Part 3, broadcast 08 March 2014.
32. Wilhelm Ostwald, Lebenslinien: Eine Selbstbiographie. (Lifelines: An autobiography). Volume 2, Chap. 12, Berlin: Klasing, (1926).
33. This aspect is addressed in Chap. 14. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 177,
estimates 1,725,000 Marks in 1918 alone, but this is probably an
overestimate.
34. Smil, op. cit. (note 28), p. 202, his reference no. 4.
35. Such as they were at the time, for many scientists had been called to the
front. Haber himself being promoted to Hauptmann, (Captain) on the
express order of the Kaiser. Part of the Institute had even been converted into
a crèche.
36. The principal conventions here being the Brussels Declaration of 1874 and
subsequent bans by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. The Treaty
of 1899 prohibited the use of projectiles containing asphyxiating or poisonous gasses.
37. Probably the best accounts can be found in; Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6),
Margit Szöllösi-Janze, Fritz Haber 1868–1934: Eine Biographie. C. H. Beck,
Munich, (1998), and Ludwig Fritz Haber, The Poisonous Cloud. Chemical
Warfare in the First World War, Oxford, (1986).
38. See Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 132 for a brief review.
39. Coates, op. cit. (note 5), p. 1658.
40. Tear gas was used by the Germans on the Eastern Front in Poland in January
1915 against Russian troops who had ‘dug in’ near the town of W.
Bolimowie, Przedszkol. (‘Bolimov’.) In view of the dispersal problem, it was a
test-bed for chemical warfare delivery systems and the German forces fired
18,000 gas shells which incapacitated the Russian troops and confused the
authorities as to what could have happened. The incident went unreported
and never investigated. Huw Strachan, The First World War, Part 5/10, BBC,
broadcast 18 March 2014. Also published by Penguin Books, (2005).
ISBN-10 0143035185, ISBN-13 978-0143035183.
41. ‘Cacodyl’ is tetramethyldiarsine C 4 H 12 As 2 , see also Chap. 2 and Bunsen.
42. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 155.
43. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 160.
44. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 161.
45. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 138, his reference no. 28.
46. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 165.
47. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 175.
48. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 140.
49. Stoltzenberg, op. cit. (note 6), p. 176, his reference no. 8.
50. Charles, op. cit. (note 15), p. 166.
270
D. Sheppard