Contents
ix
5.1.1 The Brazilian Setting: Energy and Agri-Food Contexts . . . . 90
5.1.2 Biofuel Production and Consumption Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.1.3 Brazil’s Biofuel Policy Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.1.4 Assessing Institutional Causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 Allocation and Access: Analyzing Institutional Performance . . . . . . 104
5.2.1 Allocation Patterns: Who Owns, Does, and Gets What . . . . . 104
5.2.2 Access to Resources: Land, Water, Food and Energy . . . . . . 107
5.3 Agency in Biofuel Governance in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3.1 Main Coalitions and Their Policy Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3.2 Strategic Uses of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.4.1 Key Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.4.2 Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6 India’s Bioeconomy and the Ambition over “Wastelands” . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.1 Biofuels in India: How and Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.1.1 The Indian Setting: Energy and Agri-Food Contexts . . . . . . . 124
6.1.2 Biofuel Production and Consumption Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.1.3 India’s Biofuel Policy Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.1.4 Assessing Institutional Causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.2 Allocation and Access: Analyzing Institutional Performance . . . . . . 132
6.2.1 Allocation Patterns: Who Owns, Does, and Gets What . . . . . 132
6.2.2 Access to Resources: Land, Water, Food and Energy . . . . . . 134
6.3 Agency in Biofuel Governance in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.3.1 Main Coalitions and Their Policy Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.3.2 Strategic Uses of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.4.1 Key Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.4.2 Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7 Bioeconomy in the Oil Palm Republic of Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.1 Biofuels in Indonesia: How and Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.1.1 The Indonesian Setting: Energy and Agri-Food
Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.1.2 Biofuel Production and Consumption Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
7.1.3 Indonesia’s Biofuel Policy Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
7.1.4 Assessing Institutional Causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.2 Allocation and Access: Analyzing Institutional Performance . . . . . . 156
7.2.1 Allocation Patterns: Who Owns, Does, and Gets What . . . . . 156
7.2.2 Access to Resources: Land, Water, Food and Energy . . . . . . 159
7.3 Agency in Biofuel Governance in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.3.1 Main Coalitions and Their Policy Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.3.2 Strategic Uses of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
ix
5.1.1 The Brazilian Setting: Energy and Agri-Food Contexts . . . . 90
5.1.2 Biofuel Production and Consumption Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.1.3 Brazil’s Biofuel Policy Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.1.4 Assessing Institutional Causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 Allocation and Access: Analyzing Institutional Performance . . . . . . 104
5.2.1 Allocation Patterns: Who Owns, Does, and Gets What . . . . . 104
5.2.2 Access to Resources: Land, Water, Food and Energy . . . . . . 107
5.3 Agency in Biofuel Governance in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3.1 Main Coalitions and Their Policy Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3.2 Strategic Uses of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.4.1 Key Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.4.2 Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6 India’s Bioeconomy and the Ambition over “Wastelands” . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.1 Biofuels in India: How and Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.1.1 The Indian Setting: Energy and Agri-Food Contexts . . . . . . . 124
6.1.2 Biofuel Production and Consumption Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.1.3 India’s Biofuel Policy Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.1.4 Assessing Institutional Causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.2 Allocation and Access: Analyzing Institutional Performance . . . . . . 132
6.2.1 Allocation Patterns: Who Owns, Does, and Gets What . . . . . 132
6.2.2 Access to Resources: Land, Water, Food and Energy . . . . . . 134
6.3 Agency in Biofuel Governance in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.3.1 Main Coalitions and Their Policy Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.3.2 Strategic Uses of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.4.1 Key Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.4.2 Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7 Bioeconomy in the Oil Palm Republic of Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.1 Biofuels in Indonesia: How and Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.1.1 The Indonesian Setting: Energy and Agri-Food
Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.1.2 Biofuel Production and Consumption Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
7.1.3 Indonesia’s Biofuel Policy Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
7.1.4 Assessing Institutional Causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.2 Allocation and Access: Analyzing Institutional Performance . . . . . . 156
7.2.1 Allocation Patterns: Who Owns, Does, and Gets What . . . . . 156
7.2.2 Access to Resources: Land, Water, Food and Energy . . . . . . 159
7.3 Agency in Biofuel Governance in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.3.1 Main Coalitions and Their Policy Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.3.2 Strategic Uses of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167