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Contents
7.4.1 Key Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.4.2 Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
8 Bioeconomy Lessons from Biofuel Policies in Emerging
Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8.1 Introduction: An Emerging Country Take on the Bioeconomy? . . . . 179
8.2 Linking Bioeconomy Policy Strategies to Social Impacts . . . . . . . . . 180
8.2.1 Comparing Energy and Agri-Food Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.2.2 “Development” as Livelihood Losses
and the Proletarianization of the Rural
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
8.2.3 Inferences: Bioeconomy Promotion as Botanical
Colonization for Attaining Control over Natural
Resources? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
8.3 Agency Patterns: State Reemergence Amid Transnational
Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.3.1 Recovered Protagonism: Six Roles of a Prominent
State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.3.2 Bioeconomy Governance as a Struggle
of Transnational Classes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
8.3.3 Inferences: Agency Patterns in Biofuels Promotion . . . . . . . 192
8.4 The Bioeconomy: Addressing or Aggravating North-South
Inequalities? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
9 The Politics for a Fairer Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
9.2 Unraveling the Politics of Bioeconomy Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
9.2.1 The Prevalence of Conservative and Unsustainable
Agri-Food-Biomass Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
9.2.2 Institutional Causes Behind Unsustainable
Bioeconomy Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
9.2.3 The State-Agribusiness Nexus in Bioeconomy Value
Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
9.2.4 Strategic State Behavior and International
Non-regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
9.2.5 Consequences of Inequity: The Relevance
of Allocation and Access to Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
9.2.6 Unraveling the Power Spirals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
9.2.7 Implications for Bioeconomy Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
9.3 Promoting a Fairer Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
9.3.1 Better Institutions for Sustainable Bioeconomies . . . . . . . . . 217
9.3.2 Policy Lessons for Sustainable Agri-Food-Biomass
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
9.3.3 Improving International Bioeconomy Governance . . . . . . . . 221
Contents
7.4.1 Key Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.4.2 Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
8 Bioeconomy Lessons from Biofuel Policies in Emerging
Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8.1 Introduction: An Emerging Country Take on the Bioeconomy? . . . . 179
8.2 Linking Bioeconomy Policy Strategies to Social Impacts . . . . . . . . . 180
8.2.1 Comparing Energy and Agri-Food Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.2.2 “Development” as Livelihood Losses
and the Proletarianization of the Rural
Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
8.2.3 Inferences: Bioeconomy Promotion as Botanical
Colonization for Attaining Control over Natural
Resources? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
8.3 Agency Patterns: State Reemergence Amid Transnational
Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.3.1 Recovered Protagonism: Six Roles of a Prominent
State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.3.2 Bioeconomy Governance as a Struggle
of Transnational Classes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
8.3.3 Inferences: Agency Patterns in Biofuels Promotion . . . . . . . 192
8.4 The Bioeconomy: Addressing or Aggravating North-South
Inequalities? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
9 The Politics for a Fairer Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
9.2 Unraveling the Politics of Bioeconomy Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
9.2.1 The Prevalence of Conservative and Unsustainable
Agri-Food-Biomass Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
9.2.2 Institutional Causes Behind Unsustainable
Bioeconomy Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
9.2.3 The State-Agribusiness Nexus in Bioeconomy Value
Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
9.2.4 Strategic State Behavior and International
Non-regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
9.2.5 Consequences of Inequity: The Relevance
of Allocation and Access to Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
9.2.6 Unraveling the Power Spirals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
9.2.7 Implications for Bioeconomy Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
9.3 Promoting a Fairer Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
9.3.1 Better Institutions for Sustainable Bioeconomies . . . . . . . . . 217
9.3.2 Policy Lessons for Sustainable Agri-Food-Biomass
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
9.3.3 Improving International Bioeconomy Governance . . . . . . . . 221