representation demonstrating an approach of nanomaterial injection in deep aquifer
systems displaying a distributed source of arsenic.
Future research could be useful in exploring the utilization of colloidal or
sub-colloidal iron or iron nanoparticles for injection as substitutes for using iron
salts (Kaplan et al. 1996). In this method, the injection of nanomaterials creates a
reactive which further sequester the arsenic through different removal (Baxter et al.
2008). Recently, the possible scope of maghemite NPs as in-situ remediation
material was explored through 3D experiments simulating groundwater elemental
concentration of Ballia district, UP, India (Kumar et al. 2019). It also requires
in-depth analysis of fate and transport of nanomaterials in porous media as well as
possibilities of secondary pollution. Moreover, injection of materials may be done
through exiting deep wells or abandoned wells, in which the reactive material may
be introduced.
2.10 Lack of Studies at Laboratory Scale
2.10.1 Studies Representing Real-World Conditions
Generally, the water resources are sensitive to physical, chemical and thermal
variations. There are several ions in groundwater which might affect arsenic removal
during adsorption processes. The batch experiments are not feasible using actual
groundwater at laboratory scale due to a large volume requirement of samples and
fluctuating water quality issues. In order to evaluate the arsenic removal potential of
different nanoadsorbents, using the groundwater concentration representing the realworld conditions is the most appropriate approach. Therefore, proper calculation of
the required quantity of ingredients for the synthesis of artificial water is a necessity
(Kaloti et al. 2015). Lin et al. (Lin et al. 2012) have investigated the effects of Cl
À ,
SO 4
2À
, NO 3
À
and PO 4
3À
ions on arsenic removal using γ-Fe 2 O 3
nanoparticles. Recently, the arsenic sequestration capacity of maghemite NPs was
explored in formulated synthetic water representing the elemental concentrations
equivalent to those of groundwater arsenic contaminated prone areas of Ballia
District, UP, India (Kumar et al. 2019).
Fig. 2.4 An overview of
injection-based technique
representing remediation of
arsenic in deep aquifer
system. (He et al. 2010)
48
A. Kumar et al.
systems displaying a distributed source of arsenic.
Future research could be useful in exploring the utilization of colloidal or
sub-colloidal iron or iron nanoparticles for injection as substitutes for using iron
salts (Kaplan et al. 1996). In this method, the injection of nanomaterials creates a
reactive which further sequester the arsenic through different removal (Baxter et al.
2008). Recently, the possible scope of maghemite NPs as in-situ remediation
material was explored through 3D experiments simulating groundwater elemental
concentration of Ballia district, UP, India (Kumar et al. 2019). It also requires
in-depth analysis of fate and transport of nanomaterials in porous media as well as
possibilities of secondary pollution. Moreover, injection of materials may be done
through exiting deep wells or abandoned wells, in which the reactive material may
be introduced.
2.10 Lack of Studies at Laboratory Scale
2.10.1 Studies Representing Real-World Conditions
Generally, the water resources are sensitive to physical, chemical and thermal
variations. There are several ions in groundwater which might affect arsenic removal
during adsorption processes. The batch experiments are not feasible using actual
groundwater at laboratory scale due to a large volume requirement of samples and
fluctuating water quality issues. In order to evaluate the arsenic removal potential of
different nanoadsorbents, using the groundwater concentration representing the realworld conditions is the most appropriate approach. Therefore, proper calculation of
the required quantity of ingredients for the synthesis of artificial water is a necessity
(Kaloti et al. 2015). Lin et al. (Lin et al. 2012) have investigated the effects of Cl
À ,
SO 4
2À
, NO 3
À
and PO 4
3À
ions on arsenic removal using γ-Fe 2 O 3
nanoparticles. Recently, the arsenic sequestration capacity of maghemite NPs was
explored in formulated synthetic water representing the elemental concentrations
equivalent to those of groundwater arsenic contaminated prone areas of Ballia
District, UP, India (Kumar et al. 2019).
Fig. 2.4 An overview of
injection-based technique
representing remediation of
arsenic in deep aquifer
system. (He et al. 2010)
48
A. Kumar et al.