employed to sieve water on a daily basis. Recently, some products like LUV-R,
Guppyfriend Bag, and Cora Ball has been developed which can remove microplastic
particle efficiently. If we use a Cora Ball along with other clothes in each washing
cycle, it will strain approximately 26% minute fragments of MFs (Ahimsa Eco
Solutions, 2018). An additional product was also developed as a solution of this
pollution, that is, Guppyfriend Bag, designed specifically as a filter bag which can
restrain tiny MF particles.
Other pollutants which are present in water sources are very prone to attach on the
surface of MF particles (Chua et al. 2014; Lamichhane 2018). Additionally, a variety
of fabric polymer chemical supplements also enter into freshwater ecosystems.
These fabric particles from various sources enter into domestic drainage systems
via wastewater management system which acts not only as an obstacle but also as
entry path for MFs (Murphy et al. 2016) into various water sources. Although
traditional methods that are used by WWTPs as waste management methods can
eliminate these tiny pollutants from the sludge waters, still most of the particles are
also retained in it (Carr et al. 2016). In spite of elevated diminution capability, these
WWTPs can act as potential sources of these micropollutants, as a large quantity is
discharged into river or directly into ocean water. But since the last few years, some
advance treatment technologies were developed to improve the quality of discharged
water from WWTPs and capture more amounts of marine debris particularly small
microplastic particles. Some recent physical remediation technologies that were
developed and employed in final stage of waste treatment processes are represented
in Table 9.5.
Nowadays, emerging investigation is now beginning to enhance capability for
degrading plastic polymers. However, a commercial-scale solution is required
because of the amount of plastics accumulating in the environment, where they
persist for many years (Hemalakshita et al. 2021). Observations of fabric marine
debris in the United States (Ocean Conservancy 2013) specify that whereas natural
fiber like cotton MF particles will vanish in few months and a wool fiber in few
years, synthetic fiber particles take ten to thousands of years. When ingested, there is
data available that, unlike man-made, natural fibers from textiles can be disintegrated
within the body of the organism (Zhao et al. 2016). Further strong information on
biodegradation of synthetic fabric fibers in diverse-type ecological and biological
conditions is a significant requirement. Some commonly microplastic-polymerparticle-degrading microorganisms are represented in Table 9.6.
Currently, there is lack of neither government boundary for these small pieces of
fibers present in drinking water nor any treatment technology for removing these
particles. However, drinking water treatment plants are planned to remove these
particles by developing potential hurdle for MF transfer of freshwater to drinking
water for direct human consumption. But additionally, it is the required that wastewater treatment plants should have the capability to capture MPs releasing from
household laundering (Napper and Thompson 2016), cosmetics, and other personal
care products. Wastewater treatment plants purify the domestic drainage
wastewaters in three steps including coagulation or flocculation, flotation, and
258
S. Mishra et al.
Guppyfriend Bag, and Cora Ball has been developed which can remove microplastic
particle efficiently. If we use a Cora Ball along with other clothes in each washing
cycle, it will strain approximately 26% minute fragments of MFs (Ahimsa Eco
Solutions, 2018). An additional product was also developed as a solution of this
pollution, that is, Guppyfriend Bag, designed specifically as a filter bag which can
restrain tiny MF particles.
Other pollutants which are present in water sources are very prone to attach on the
surface of MF particles (Chua et al. 2014; Lamichhane 2018). Additionally, a variety
of fabric polymer chemical supplements also enter into freshwater ecosystems.
These fabric particles from various sources enter into domestic drainage systems
via wastewater management system which acts not only as an obstacle but also as
entry path for MFs (Murphy et al. 2016) into various water sources. Although
traditional methods that are used by WWTPs as waste management methods can
eliminate these tiny pollutants from the sludge waters, still most of the particles are
also retained in it (Carr et al. 2016). In spite of elevated diminution capability, these
WWTPs can act as potential sources of these micropollutants, as a large quantity is
discharged into river or directly into ocean water. But since the last few years, some
advance treatment technologies were developed to improve the quality of discharged
water from WWTPs and capture more amounts of marine debris particularly small
microplastic particles. Some recent physical remediation technologies that were
developed and employed in final stage of waste treatment processes are represented
in Table 9.5.
Nowadays, emerging investigation is now beginning to enhance capability for
degrading plastic polymers. However, a commercial-scale solution is required
because of the amount of plastics accumulating in the environment, where they
persist for many years (Hemalakshita et al. 2021). Observations of fabric marine
debris in the United States (Ocean Conservancy 2013) specify that whereas natural
fiber like cotton MF particles will vanish in few months and a wool fiber in few
years, synthetic fiber particles take ten to thousands of years. When ingested, there is
data available that, unlike man-made, natural fibers from textiles can be disintegrated
within the body of the organism (Zhao et al. 2016). Further strong information on
biodegradation of synthetic fabric fibers in diverse-type ecological and biological
conditions is a significant requirement. Some commonly microplastic-polymerparticle-degrading microorganisms are represented in Table 9.6.
Currently, there is lack of neither government boundary for these small pieces of
fibers present in drinking water nor any treatment technology for removing these
particles. However, drinking water treatment plants are planned to remove these
particles by developing potential hurdle for MF transfer of freshwater to drinking
water for direct human consumption. But additionally, it is the required that wastewater treatment plants should have the capability to capture MPs releasing from
household laundering (Napper and Thompson 2016), cosmetics, and other personal
care products. Wastewater treatment plants purify the domestic drainage
wastewaters in three steps including coagulation or flocculation, flotation, and
258
S. Mishra et al.