• It efforts under wide pH range.
• Chemicals not use, less laborious work, least expensive operational work.
• Water treatment and purification both allow in one time.
• RO gives high quality of contaminant-free water.
Disadvantages
• Not affordable for rural areas.
• Expensive technique.
• Remove the necessary minerals from water during the process, resulting in a
decline in the consistency of the water.
• During process use chemicals as result water get acidic and need to improvement
water quality.
• Noisy process due to use of high-pressure pump.
Nanofiltration
Nanofilteration (NF) is a newly proposed pressure-driven technique. NF membrane
have large pore size and less friction for passing ions from this membrane, NF
membrane advantages over other methods is remove all dissolve solute with less
pressure and faster flow rate (Lhassani et al. 2001). NF90 membrane is used to
remove fluoride from brackish water in south Morocco, Tantan city (Waghmare and
Arfin 2015).
Advantages
• Better productivity
• Chemicals not used
• Effective impermeable to suspended solids, all inorganic metal, organic
micropollutants, pesticides, fertilizer and microbes
Disadvantages
• Highly expensive techniques from other defluoridation techniques like
adsorption.
• It removes all important ions which are essential concentration to health.
• Membrane faces fouling, short life time problems.
Electrodialysis Removal of solute ions from water in the presence of electricdriven force through ion exchange membrane. Electrodialysis is like RO process
but current use as a driving force instead of pressure. Electrodialysis is not used in
rural areas because of the need of electricity in operating this technique.
Advantages
• Less expensive pre- and post-treatment
• Less chemical use
• Water recovery in high amount
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Vijaylaxmi and S. Khan
• Chemicals not use, less laborious work, least expensive operational work.
• Water treatment and purification both allow in one time.
• RO gives high quality of contaminant-free water.
Disadvantages
• Not affordable for rural areas.
• Expensive technique.
• Remove the necessary minerals from water during the process, resulting in a
decline in the consistency of the water.
• During process use chemicals as result water get acidic and need to improvement
water quality.
• Noisy process due to use of high-pressure pump.
Nanofiltration
Nanofilteration (NF) is a newly proposed pressure-driven technique. NF membrane
have large pore size and less friction for passing ions from this membrane, NF
membrane advantages over other methods is remove all dissolve solute with less
pressure and faster flow rate (Lhassani et al. 2001). NF90 membrane is used to
remove fluoride from brackish water in south Morocco, Tantan city (Waghmare and
Arfin 2015).
Advantages
• Better productivity
• Chemicals not used
• Effective impermeable to suspended solids, all inorganic metal, organic
micropollutants, pesticides, fertilizer and microbes
Disadvantages
• Highly expensive techniques from other defluoridation techniques like
adsorption.
• It removes all important ions which are essential concentration to health.
• Membrane faces fouling, short life time problems.
Electrodialysis Removal of solute ions from water in the presence of electricdriven force through ion exchange membrane. Electrodialysis is like RO process
but current use as a driving force instead of pressure. Electrodialysis is not used in
rural areas because of the need of electricity in operating this technique.
Advantages
• Less expensive pre- and post-treatment
• Less chemical use
• Water recovery in high amount
190
Vijaylaxmi and S. Khan