Periodical evaluation of color degradation revealed 86% decolorization of Reactive
Blue 19 (1000 mg L
À1 ) and 88% decolorization of 10 (600 mg L
À1 ) by 2% (w/v)
Datronia sp. KAPI0039 at pH 5. Laccase activity was measured to be 759.81 U L
À1
and 178.57 U L
À1 for remazol brilliant blue R and 10, respectively (Vaithanomsat
et al. 2010). Another white-rot fungus, P. eryngii F032, culture decolorized about
94% of 10 (10 mg L
À1 ) dye within 3 days of incubation in dark condition with
agitation. However, fungus faced reproducibility limitations and required immobilization to overcome the issue (Hadibarata et al. 2013). Owing to the crude enzyme
production, Ganoderma sp. En3 effectively decolorized Reactive Orange
16 (Ma et al. 2014).
Lanaset Gray G (200 mg L
À1
) was decolorized by four Tunisian-isolated whiterot fungi immobilized onto Ca-Alg which achieved decolorization percentages up to
89, 89, 82, and 81%. Immobilized fungi exhibited reusability by removing dyes with
high percentages in subsequent cycles suggesting the suitability for metal
dye-contaminated effluents in continuous systems (Daâssi et al. 2013).
6 (600 mg L
À1 ) was completely decolorized by Alternaria alternata within 2 days
in yeast extract-glucose medium with excellent dye retention capacity and nontoxic
final products (Chakraborty et al. 2013a).
The fungal isolates, Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, isolated from dye-contaminated soil were used for the removal of 2, nigrosin, and 5.
Aspergillus niger effectively decolorized 5, nigrosin, and 2 up to 82%, 77%, and
73%, respectively. Whereas decolorization percentages of P. chrysosporium for
nigrosin, 5, 2, and dye mixture were found to be around 90%, 90%, 83%, and
78%, respectively. Both fungi were regarded as appropriate for detoxification of
complex textile dyes (Rani et al. 2014).
Despite the multitude of successful experiments, the use of fungi for biodegradation is not entirely risk-free. Filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus
terreus were capable of completely removing Procion Red MX-5B dye from solution with a drawback of toxic metabolite production leading to the growth inhibition
and death of A. salina larvae (Almeida and Corso 2014). The efforts have been made
to modify the physicochemical properties of fungi and/or appropriate selection of
fungal strains. Biosorbents based on macro-fungi type were found to be advantageous in terms of chemical stability, morphological favorability, and excellent
mechanical performance in different pH conditions. Acid Red 44 dye was efficiently
removed by macro-fungus Agaricus bisporus from aqueous solutions (Akar et al.
2009b).
A biosorbent based on the mixture of macro-fungus A. bisporus and Thuja
orientalis cones eliminated Reactive Blue 49 dye from contaminated solutions in
both batch and continuous biosorption processes. The proposed system could be an
affordable, efficient, and environmentally favorable option for biosorption of reactive dyes from solutions (Akar et al. 2009a). A biofilm reactor was introduced that
combined bacteria-fungi coupled system for biodegradation of textile wastewater.
Results revealed the key role of yeasts belonging to genus Candida in the success of
the proposed system (Yang et al. 2009). Table 17.5 enlists notable fungal strains
along with dyes.
640
R. S. Ashraf et al.
Blue 19 (1000 mg L
À1 ) and 88% decolorization of 10 (600 mg L
À1 ) by 2% (w/v)
Datronia sp. KAPI0039 at pH 5. Laccase activity was measured to be 759.81 U L
À1
and 178.57 U L
À1 for remazol brilliant blue R and 10, respectively (Vaithanomsat
et al. 2010). Another white-rot fungus, P. eryngii F032, culture decolorized about
94% of 10 (10 mg L
À1 ) dye within 3 days of incubation in dark condition with
agitation. However, fungus faced reproducibility limitations and required immobilization to overcome the issue (Hadibarata et al. 2013). Owing to the crude enzyme
production, Ganoderma sp. En3 effectively decolorized Reactive Orange
16 (Ma et al. 2014).
Lanaset Gray G (200 mg L
À1
) was decolorized by four Tunisian-isolated whiterot fungi immobilized onto Ca-Alg which achieved decolorization percentages up to
89, 89, 82, and 81%. Immobilized fungi exhibited reusability by removing dyes with
high percentages in subsequent cycles suggesting the suitability for metal
dye-contaminated effluents in continuous systems (Daâssi et al. 2013).
6 (600 mg L
À1 ) was completely decolorized by Alternaria alternata within 2 days
in yeast extract-glucose medium with excellent dye retention capacity and nontoxic
final products (Chakraborty et al. 2013a).
The fungal isolates, Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, isolated from dye-contaminated soil were used for the removal of 2, nigrosin, and 5.
Aspergillus niger effectively decolorized 5, nigrosin, and 2 up to 82%, 77%, and
73%, respectively. Whereas decolorization percentages of P. chrysosporium for
nigrosin, 5, 2, and dye mixture were found to be around 90%, 90%, 83%, and
78%, respectively. Both fungi were regarded as appropriate for detoxification of
complex textile dyes (Rani et al. 2014).
Despite the multitude of successful experiments, the use of fungi for biodegradation is not entirely risk-free. Filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus
terreus were capable of completely removing Procion Red MX-5B dye from solution with a drawback of toxic metabolite production leading to the growth inhibition
and death of A. salina larvae (Almeida and Corso 2014). The efforts have been made
to modify the physicochemical properties of fungi and/or appropriate selection of
fungal strains. Biosorbents based on macro-fungi type were found to be advantageous in terms of chemical stability, morphological favorability, and excellent
mechanical performance in different pH conditions. Acid Red 44 dye was efficiently
removed by macro-fungus Agaricus bisporus from aqueous solutions (Akar et al.
2009b).
A biosorbent based on the mixture of macro-fungus A. bisporus and Thuja
orientalis cones eliminated Reactive Blue 49 dye from contaminated solutions in
both batch and continuous biosorption processes. The proposed system could be an
affordable, efficient, and environmentally favorable option for biosorption of reactive dyes from solutions (Akar et al. 2009a). A biofilm reactor was introduced that
combined bacteria-fungi coupled system for biodegradation of textile wastewater.
Results revealed the key role of yeasts belonging to genus Candida in the success of
the proposed system (Yang et al. 2009). Table 17.5 enlists notable fungal strains
along with dyes.
640
R. S. Ashraf et al.