treatment of Reactive Blue 19. At 700 mg L
À1 of dosage and pH of 5–6, hybrid
polymer achieved 82 and 90% removals of chemical oxygen demand and color,
respectively (Al-Ani and Li 2012).
Natural coagulants Vigna unguiculata, Telfairia occidentalis, Brachystegia
eurycoma, Vigna subterranean, and Moringa oleifera were used to decolorize
Acid Red 101 dye with maximum color removal efficiencies of 99.7, 99.4, 89, and
98, respectively, at pH 2, dye concentration of over 22 mg/L, and coagulant amount
of 375 mg/L in 9.0 h (Obiora-Okafo and Onukwuli 2017). A study was carried out
with poly-aluminum chloride and bentonite clay as coagulants to eliminate cationic
7 and anionic 3 dyes. Poly-aluminum chloride showed better removal for 7 with
efficiency of 99.2% at a pH of 12 and bentonite clay for 3 at a pH of 2.0 with a
removal efficiency of 97.6% (Fosso-Kankeu et al. 2015).
Tanfloc, a tannin-based coagulant, was employed to eliminate Palatine Fast Black
and Alizarin Violet 3R dyes. High-percentage removal was obtained with low
coagulant doses and removed 80% of Alizarin Violet 3R and 100% of Palatine
Fast Black with initial concentration of 0.16 mmol L
À1 and 0.06 mmol L
À1
, respectively (Beltrán-Heredia et al. 2010). Alum and ferric chloride as coagulant with
NaOH and lime were used as softener agents. With 12 g L
À1 concentration of lime,
over 94 and 86% color was removed from Eriochrome Black T and 1, respectively
(Malakootian and Fatehizadeh 2010).
17.2.4 Ion Exchange
A strong cation-exchange resin was used to adsorb 7 and basic fuchsin (5) at pH of
2 and 7 with adsorption capacities of 76.8 and 127.0 mg g
À1 following Langmuir
adsorption isotherm and Temkin isotherms. The desorption ratio of 97% was
achieved as a result of seven adsorption/desorption cycles (Bayramoglu et al.
2009). Anion-exchange membranes having quaternary ammonium groups were
employed for the adsorptive removal of anionic cibacron blue 3GA dye with
membrane ion-exchange capacity of 6.8 mol cm
À2 (or 104.2 mol cm
À3 ). The
adsorption data was best correlated to Langmuir adsorption isotherm with an
adsorption capacity of 2.12 mg cm
À3 and 70% performance with ten adsorption/
desorption cycles (Chiu et al. 2009).
Azocarmine B dye was removed with pullulan microspheres using batch adsorption experiment resulting in 90% removal of the dye following Langmuir adsorption
isotherm model with q max of 113.63 mg g
À1 and pseudo-second-order kinetics with
spontaneity and exothermic thermodynamics (Constantin et al. 2013). Remazol
black-B was removed using weakly basic anion-exchange resins of phenolformaldehyde, polyacrylate, and polystyrene with q max values of 66.4, 282, and
796 mg g
À1 , respectively, following Langmuir adsorption isotherm model
(Wawrzkiewicz and Hubicki 2011).
To remove basic blue 3 dye, a different type of cation-exchange resin polymeric
sorbents such as Lewatit MonoPlus SP-112, Dowex Optipore SD-2, and Amberlite
17 Methods for the Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Dyes and Pigments
627
À1 of dosage and pH of 5–6, hybrid
polymer achieved 82 and 90% removals of chemical oxygen demand and color,
respectively (Al-Ani and Li 2012).
Natural coagulants Vigna unguiculata, Telfairia occidentalis, Brachystegia
eurycoma, Vigna subterranean, and Moringa oleifera were used to decolorize
Acid Red 101 dye with maximum color removal efficiencies of 99.7, 99.4, 89, and
98, respectively, at pH 2, dye concentration of over 22 mg/L, and coagulant amount
of 375 mg/L in 9.0 h (Obiora-Okafo and Onukwuli 2017). A study was carried out
with poly-aluminum chloride and bentonite clay as coagulants to eliminate cationic
7 and anionic 3 dyes. Poly-aluminum chloride showed better removal for 7 with
efficiency of 99.2% at a pH of 12 and bentonite clay for 3 at a pH of 2.0 with a
removal efficiency of 97.6% (Fosso-Kankeu et al. 2015).
Tanfloc, a tannin-based coagulant, was employed to eliminate Palatine Fast Black
and Alizarin Violet 3R dyes. High-percentage removal was obtained with low
coagulant doses and removed 80% of Alizarin Violet 3R and 100% of Palatine
Fast Black with initial concentration of 0.16 mmol L
À1 and 0.06 mmol L
À1
, respectively (Beltrán-Heredia et al. 2010). Alum and ferric chloride as coagulant with
NaOH and lime were used as softener agents. With 12 g L
À1 concentration of lime,
over 94 and 86% color was removed from Eriochrome Black T and 1, respectively
(Malakootian and Fatehizadeh 2010).
17.2.4 Ion Exchange
A strong cation-exchange resin was used to adsorb 7 and basic fuchsin (5) at pH of
2 and 7 with adsorption capacities of 76.8 and 127.0 mg g
À1 following Langmuir
adsorption isotherm and Temkin isotherms. The desorption ratio of 97% was
achieved as a result of seven adsorption/desorption cycles (Bayramoglu et al.
2009). Anion-exchange membranes having quaternary ammonium groups were
employed for the adsorptive removal of anionic cibacron blue 3GA dye with
membrane ion-exchange capacity of 6.8 mol cm
À2 (or 104.2 mol cm
À3 ). The
adsorption data was best correlated to Langmuir adsorption isotherm with an
adsorption capacity of 2.12 mg cm
À3 and 70% performance with ten adsorption/
desorption cycles (Chiu et al. 2009).
Azocarmine B dye was removed with pullulan microspheres using batch adsorption experiment resulting in 90% removal of the dye following Langmuir adsorption
isotherm model with q max of 113.63 mg g
À1 and pseudo-second-order kinetics with
spontaneity and exothermic thermodynamics (Constantin et al. 2013). Remazol
black-B was removed using weakly basic anion-exchange resins of phenolformaldehyde, polyacrylate, and polystyrene with q max values of 66.4, 282, and
796 mg g
À1 , respectively, following Langmuir adsorption isotherm model
(Wawrzkiewicz and Hubicki 2011).
To remove basic blue 3 dye, a different type of cation-exchange resin polymeric
sorbents such as Lewatit MonoPlus SP-112, Dowex Optipore SD-2, and Amberlite
17 Methods for the Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Dyes and Pigments
627