The Reactive Blue19 dye was subjected to poly-aluminum chloride, alum, and
ferric chloride for the removal from aqueous solution. An anionic polyelectrolyte
and kaolin were also added to aid the coagulation process. Alum showed highest dye
removal efficiency (92%) followed by poly-aluminum chloride (91%) and ferric
chloride (81%) at 300, 200, and 400 mg L
À1 dosages, respectively (Assadi et al.
2013). In another study, the degradation of Acid Orange 7 (4) was reported using
laterite soil in the coagulation process. Over 98% color removal was achieved at
pH 2 (Lau et al. 2014).
Similar studies were carried for the degradation of 1 and 8 using natural
coagulant-laterite soil with aluminum-ferric ions acting as an auxiliary agent in the
degradation process, and the results were quite satisfying (Lau et al. 2015). Magnesium hydroxide was applied as a coagulant to eliminate reactive dyes from wastewater aided by kaolin at a pH of 12 (Li et al. 2016).
Moringa oleifera waste was used as a coagulant to remove black, orange, blue,
crimson, and navy dyes. The coagulant effect of Moringa solutions was enhanced by
NaCl than FeCl 3 at an optimum pH of 9.0. However, above 95% of blue, crimson,
and navy dyes and 85% of black dye and 80% of orange dye were removed using
M. oleifera waste (Vilaseca et al. 2014).
To decompose 6 from wastewater, coagulants of natural origins, i.e., surjana seed
powder, maize seed powder, and chitosan, were employed. With a coagulant dose of
25 mg L
À1
, pH 4, 66.85
C temperature, and 1.0 h of flocculation, surjana seed
powder removed 98% color, whereas maize seed powder and chitosan removed over
89% and 94%, respectively (Patel and Vashi 2012). FeSO 4 Á7H 2 O was employed as a
coagulant to decolorize synthetic effluents simulating the cotton, acrylic, and polyester dyeing wastewaters. Results disclosed complete decolorization of polyester
effluent, whereas over 91 and 94% removal of cotton and acrylic wastewaters was
achieved (Rodrigues et al. 2013).
Chitosan was used as a coagulant in assistance with different Al species (Al a /Al b /
Al c ) for the treatment of disperse yellow wastewater. Larger color removal efficiencies were obtained with chitosan at pH 6.0–7.0 (Wang et al. 2017). Poly-aluminum
chloride-poly(3-acrylamido-isopropanol chloride, a hybrid polymer, was used in
coagulation-flocculation process against reactive cibacron blue F3GA and disperse
Terasil Yellow W-4G dyes, which decolorized both dyes up to 92 and 95% with
50 and 20 mg l
À1 dosage, and pH of 7.5 and 3, respectively (Yeap et al. 2014).
A facile and simple design strategy was reported for the isolation of cellulose
nanocrystals with carboxylic groups from microcrystalline cellulose. Cellulose
nanocrystals as adsorbent decomposed 1 showing coagulation-flocculation capability to kaolin suspensions with over 99% reduction in turbidity (Yu et al. 2016). Polyaluminum chloride and alum were used to decompose dye Acid Blue 292 from
aqueous solution resulting in 85% decomposition at pH of 7.0 and 5.0 for polyaluminum and alum, respectively (Zonoozi et al. 2009).
Bittern salt was found to be efficient and cheap coagulant for saline wastewaters
as 95% turbidity and 80% color of an effluent containing 200 mg Mg
2+ L
À1 was
removed (Albuquerque et al. 2013). Hybrid Al(OH) 3 -polyacrylamide polymer in
coagulation-flocculation process and iron scrap were separately applied for the
626
R. S. Ashraf et al.
ferric chloride for the removal from aqueous solution. An anionic polyelectrolyte
and kaolin were also added to aid the coagulation process. Alum showed highest dye
removal efficiency (92%) followed by poly-aluminum chloride (91%) and ferric
chloride (81%) at 300, 200, and 400 mg L
À1 dosages, respectively (Assadi et al.
2013). In another study, the degradation of Acid Orange 7 (4) was reported using
laterite soil in the coagulation process. Over 98% color removal was achieved at
pH 2 (Lau et al. 2014).
Similar studies were carried for the degradation of 1 and 8 using natural
coagulant-laterite soil with aluminum-ferric ions acting as an auxiliary agent in the
degradation process, and the results were quite satisfying (Lau et al. 2015). Magnesium hydroxide was applied as a coagulant to eliminate reactive dyes from wastewater aided by kaolin at a pH of 12 (Li et al. 2016).
Moringa oleifera waste was used as a coagulant to remove black, orange, blue,
crimson, and navy dyes. The coagulant effect of Moringa solutions was enhanced by
NaCl than FeCl 3 at an optimum pH of 9.0. However, above 95% of blue, crimson,
and navy dyes and 85% of black dye and 80% of orange dye were removed using
M. oleifera waste (Vilaseca et al. 2014).
To decompose 6 from wastewater, coagulants of natural origins, i.e., surjana seed
powder, maize seed powder, and chitosan, were employed. With a coagulant dose of
25 mg L
À1
, pH 4, 66.85
C temperature, and 1.0 h of flocculation, surjana seed
powder removed 98% color, whereas maize seed powder and chitosan removed over
89% and 94%, respectively (Patel and Vashi 2012). FeSO 4 Á7H 2 O was employed as a
coagulant to decolorize synthetic effluents simulating the cotton, acrylic, and polyester dyeing wastewaters. Results disclosed complete decolorization of polyester
effluent, whereas over 91 and 94% removal of cotton and acrylic wastewaters was
achieved (Rodrigues et al. 2013).
Chitosan was used as a coagulant in assistance with different Al species (Al a /Al b /
Al c ) for the treatment of disperse yellow wastewater. Larger color removal efficiencies were obtained with chitosan at pH 6.0–7.0 (Wang et al. 2017). Poly-aluminum
chloride-poly(3-acrylamido-isopropanol chloride, a hybrid polymer, was used in
coagulation-flocculation process against reactive cibacron blue F3GA and disperse
Terasil Yellow W-4G dyes, which decolorized both dyes up to 92 and 95% with
50 and 20 mg l
À1 dosage, and pH of 7.5 and 3, respectively (Yeap et al. 2014).
A facile and simple design strategy was reported for the isolation of cellulose
nanocrystals with carboxylic groups from microcrystalline cellulose. Cellulose
nanocrystals as adsorbent decomposed 1 showing coagulation-flocculation capability to kaolin suspensions with over 99% reduction in turbidity (Yu et al. 2016). Polyaluminum chloride and alum were used to decompose dye Acid Blue 292 from
aqueous solution resulting in 85% decomposition at pH of 7.0 and 5.0 for polyaluminum and alum, respectively (Zonoozi et al. 2009).
Bittern salt was found to be efficient and cheap coagulant for saline wastewaters
as 95% turbidity and 80% color of an effluent containing 200 mg Mg
2+ L
À1 was
removed (Albuquerque et al. 2013). Hybrid Al(OH) 3 -polyacrylamide polymer in
coagulation-flocculation process and iron scrap were separately applied for the
626
R. S. Ashraf et al.