obtained results, the water contact angle does not change by increasing the
perfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer concentration in the coating of sol–gelperfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer-silica and remains about 155
. While, ethylene glycol and oil contact angles enhance by increasing the
perfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer concentration and reach the greatest value
for 7.8 wt%, whereafter they are approximately constant.
The results indicated that the increased oleophobicity is due to the
perfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer effects on the surface energy (decreases that)
and the random distribution of silica on the surface roughness. Therefore, low
concentration of the perfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer can fabricate the
superhydrophobic (water contact angle >150
) and superoleophilic (oil contact
angle <10
) surfaces.
The sliding angle is another parameter for measuring superhydrophobicity of
surface (<10
). The water sliding angle was <2
for all coatings, whereas in all
perfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer concentrations, the sliding angle value
decreased for ethylene glycol (>90
to 20
) and did not change for oil (>90
). The
reported method for fabrication of superhydrophobic and oleophobic sol–gel
nanocomposite coatings is low cost and feasible. The authors suggested this method
can be used for glass, metal, and other composites with various shapes. Moreover,
this method needs fluorine less than the other reported methods.
In summary, Table 12.21 compares the sorption or removal performance of
various tools or sorbents of remediation technology for oil spills. To select the
best one, the effective parameters of oil spill control should be considered. The
effects of water conditions, wind conditions, current, tides, and atmospheric conditions were investigated on oil cleanup (Al-Majed et al. 2012).
In conclusion, inorganic adsorbents can be used for spilled oil removal and have
the same sorption capacity as synthetic sorbents. These sorbents are less expensive,
readily available, and buoyant; nevertheless, it is necessary to improve their structure
for using them as spilled oil adsorbents.
12.6 Part II: Bioremediation Technology
12.6.1 Bioremediation: Definition, Advantages,
and Disadvantages
In bioremediation, microorganisms degrade chemical materials and metabolize them
in order to restore the quality of environment. The aim is accelerating the natural
treatment process as well as producing by-products like H 2 O, CO 2 and heat by
microorganisms via assimilating the organic molecules to cell biomass (Atlas 1995).
For marine oil spill, the ubiquitous microorganisms in the oil spill location degrade
hydrocarbons. Microorganisms degrade paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons with
different degradation rates. The easiest degradation hydrocarbons are alkanes with a
462
M. Fatehi et al.
perfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer concentration in the coating of sol–gelperfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer-silica and remains about 155
. While, ethylene glycol and oil contact angles enhance by increasing the
perfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer concentration and reach the greatest value
for 7.8 wt%, whereafter they are approximately constant.
The results indicated that the increased oleophobicity is due to the
perfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer effects on the surface energy (decreases that)
and the random distribution of silica on the surface roughness. Therefore, low
concentration of the perfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer can fabricate the
superhydrophobic (water contact angle >150
) and superoleophilic (oil contact
angle <10
) surfaces.
The sliding angle is another parameter for measuring superhydrophobicity of
surface (<10
). The water sliding angle was <2
for all coatings, whereas in all
perfluoroalkylmethacrylic copolymer concentrations, the sliding angle value
decreased for ethylene glycol (>90
to 20
) and did not change for oil (>90
). The
reported method for fabrication of superhydrophobic and oleophobic sol–gel
nanocomposite coatings is low cost and feasible. The authors suggested this method
can be used for glass, metal, and other composites with various shapes. Moreover,
this method needs fluorine less than the other reported methods.
In summary, Table 12.21 compares the sorption or removal performance of
various tools or sorbents of remediation technology for oil spills. To select the
best one, the effective parameters of oil spill control should be considered. The
effects of water conditions, wind conditions, current, tides, and atmospheric conditions were investigated on oil cleanup (Al-Majed et al. 2012).
In conclusion, inorganic adsorbents can be used for spilled oil removal and have
the same sorption capacity as synthetic sorbents. These sorbents are less expensive,
readily available, and buoyant; nevertheless, it is necessary to improve their structure
for using them as spilled oil adsorbents.
12.6 Part II: Bioremediation Technology
12.6.1 Bioremediation: Definition, Advantages,
and Disadvantages
In bioremediation, microorganisms degrade chemical materials and metabolize them
in order to restore the quality of environment. The aim is accelerating the natural
treatment process as well as producing by-products like H 2 O, CO 2 and heat by
microorganisms via assimilating the organic molecules to cell biomass (Atlas 1995).
For marine oil spill, the ubiquitous microorganisms in the oil spill location degrade
hydrocarbons. Microorganisms degrade paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons with
different degradation rates. The easiest degradation hydrocarbons are alkanes with a
462
M. Fatehi et al.