increase its oil removal ability. They reported the modification method of
isobutylene-isoprene rubber 1751 by graphite and explained its sorption properties.
The maximum sorption capacities were 17.8, 21.6, and 23.4 g/g for crude oil, diesel,
and lubricant oil, respectively. The modified isobutylene-isoprene rubber showed
reusability after 30 cycles and the sorption capacity had no significant change during
reuse by centrifugation. In addition, this modified isobutylene-isoprene rubber was
able to sorb the organic solvents like benzene, toluene, xylene, hexane, heptane, and
cyclohexane.
To improved graphite, Ding et al. (2014) presented an improved expanded
graphite with magnetic particles for oil uptake. They added magnetic particles to
expanded graphite by the blended calcination method. The expanded graphite can
float on the water surface because of its low density. Adding magnetic particles can
improve expanded graphite’s application in oil removal processes especially in oil
recovery. The sorption capacity of expanded graphite with magnetic particles was
35.72 g/g for crude oil at the first time of sorption and sorbed oil recovered about
80% of its initial value.
Carbon aerogels, graphene or carbon nanotubes-coated sponges, carbon nanotube
forests, graphene foams or sponges, carbon coatings, porous carbon nanoparticles,
and carbon fibers are other carbon-based materials, which can be used as oilsorbents.
Table 12.19 summarizes the best performances of various carbon-based sorbents.
Other Mineral Powders
The possibility of using superhydrophobic and oleophilic calcium carbonate powder
selectively for oilsorption was laboratory investigated by Arbatan et al. (2011). They
improved the calcium carbonate powder with fatty acid to achieve a
superhydrophobic and oleophilic surface. The sorption capacity of this porous
sorbent was examined for diesel oil and crude oil.
Comparison between scanning electron microscope images of calcium carbonate
crystal before and after treatment revealed that the modified crystal had a rougher
surface because of treatment erosion. The results of contact angles of treated powder
indicated that the fatty acid-treated-calcium carbonate powder sorbed oil, while
water cannot penetrate into the mass powder (Fig. 12.41).
Figure 12.42 also shows the oil separation process from water by use of treatedcalcium carbonate powder, qualitatively. As one can see, the as-prepared powder
sorbed the diesel oil and oil-loaded powder could be recovered, effortlessly.
In addition, the adsorption efficiencies of treated calcium carbonate powder of
varied oil /water mixtures were studied and the results are prepared in Table 12.20.
The mixtures with light weight of water had lower oilsorption efficiency for both
oilcontaminants. But low amount of water in the separation process is preferred. An
environmentally friendly, low-cost, easy surface modification and excellent
oilsorption behavior make an appropriate superhydrophobic calcium carbonate
powder for cleaning up spilled oil.
12 Remediation of Pollution by Oil Spills
457
isobutylene-isoprene rubber 1751 by graphite and explained its sorption properties.
The maximum sorption capacities were 17.8, 21.6, and 23.4 g/g for crude oil, diesel,
and lubricant oil, respectively. The modified isobutylene-isoprene rubber showed
reusability after 30 cycles and the sorption capacity had no significant change during
reuse by centrifugation. In addition, this modified isobutylene-isoprene rubber was
able to sorb the organic solvents like benzene, toluene, xylene, hexane, heptane, and
cyclohexane.
To improved graphite, Ding et al. (2014) presented an improved expanded
graphite with magnetic particles for oil uptake. They added magnetic particles to
expanded graphite by the blended calcination method. The expanded graphite can
float on the water surface because of its low density. Adding magnetic particles can
improve expanded graphite’s application in oil removal processes especially in oil
recovery. The sorption capacity of expanded graphite with magnetic particles was
35.72 g/g for crude oil at the first time of sorption and sorbed oil recovered about
80% of its initial value.
Carbon aerogels, graphene or carbon nanotubes-coated sponges, carbon nanotube
forests, graphene foams or sponges, carbon coatings, porous carbon nanoparticles,
and carbon fibers are other carbon-based materials, which can be used as oilsorbents.
Table 12.19 summarizes the best performances of various carbon-based sorbents.
Other Mineral Powders
The possibility of using superhydrophobic and oleophilic calcium carbonate powder
selectively for oilsorption was laboratory investigated by Arbatan et al. (2011). They
improved the calcium carbonate powder with fatty acid to achieve a
superhydrophobic and oleophilic surface. The sorption capacity of this porous
sorbent was examined for diesel oil and crude oil.
Comparison between scanning electron microscope images of calcium carbonate
crystal before and after treatment revealed that the modified crystal had a rougher
surface because of treatment erosion. The results of contact angles of treated powder
indicated that the fatty acid-treated-calcium carbonate powder sorbed oil, while
water cannot penetrate into the mass powder (Fig. 12.41).
Figure 12.42 also shows the oil separation process from water by use of treatedcalcium carbonate powder, qualitatively. As one can see, the as-prepared powder
sorbed the diesel oil and oil-loaded powder could be recovered, effortlessly.
In addition, the adsorption efficiencies of treated calcium carbonate powder of
varied oil /water mixtures were studied and the results are prepared in Table 12.20.
The mixtures with light weight of water had lower oilsorption efficiency for both
oilcontaminants. But low amount of water in the separation process is preferred. An
environmentally friendly, low-cost, easy surface modification and excellent
oilsorption behavior make an appropriate superhydrophobic calcium carbonate
powder for cleaning up spilled oil.
12 Remediation of Pollution by Oil Spills
457