Dodecyldimethylammonium > tallow > milled wood, cellulose fibers > pelletized
grain, cotton-based > Bentonite, 1.5 cation exchange capacity,
dodecyldimethylammonium. Bentonite, 1.5 cation exchange capacity, tallow,
Sodium
in
Wyoming
Na,
1
cation
exchange
capacity,
octadecyltrimethylammonium, organic/mineral powder, organic/zeolite powder,
organic with pecan nut shells/mineral powder, and cellulose/mineral powder have
the middle performance in oilsorption processes. The least preferred sorbents are
zeolite and sand. The proposed multi-criteria decision-making analysis was combined from PROMETHEE and GAIA methods, which ranked the sorbents based on
sorption capacity, cost factor, retention capacity, hydrophilicity, environmental
factors, ease of use, biodegradability, and oil emulsion sorption capacity. The results
demonstrated that the organo-clays are able to clean up oil spilled because of their
high sorption capacity, retention capacity, and hydrophobicity. However, their cost,
biodegradability, and reusability have a negative effect on the applications of these
sorbents.
Carbon-Based Sorbents
Recently, carbon-based sorbents have attracted the attention of researchers because
of their suitable surface area, excellent mechanical properties, large pore volumes,
and good chemical stability. They also have high ability to sorb oil because of their
porous structures. Graphite, grapheme, and activated carbon are used alone to
remove spilled oil or improve other materials for this purpose. The carbon-based
sorbents with superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surfaces can be produced by
various methods.
Activated carbons are produced from raw source like wood, coconut shell, and
charcoal. High surface area, porous structure, and acceptable surface reactivity have
made them an appropriate strong sorbent to remove organic pollutants from water
surfaces. These sorbents are used in powdered activated carbon and granular activated carbon forms. They are widely used in oilremediation processes, although less
information is available on the mechanism of their adsorption. Fulazzaky (2011)
investigated mass transfer resistance by activated carbon and developed the current
mathematical models. In addition, this study emphasized the impact of porosity,
nature of the raw source for activated carbons production, surface characters,
molecular structure, and molecular weight on the sorption ability.
In another study, Fulazzaky and Omar (2012) examined the sorption ability of
granular activated carbons (used in the block filter) to remove oil and grease from
steam water and determined their accumulation rate and adsorption capacity. Finally,
numerical models were developed for dynamic uptake of oil and grease. Oil and
grease concentration, space of pores and accumulation time were selected as variables to improve the linear equations. The oil and grease concentrations before and
after crossing the block filter with granular activated carbons were 5.7–101.2 and
0.0–0.1 mg/L in steam water, respectively. These results showed excellent behavior
of block filter to uptake oil and grease contaminant. Figure 12.38 compares oil and
12 Remediation of Pollution by Oil Spills
451
grain, cotton-based > Bentonite, 1.5 cation exchange capacity,
dodecyldimethylammonium. Bentonite, 1.5 cation exchange capacity, tallow,
Sodium
in
Wyoming
Na,
1
cation
exchange
capacity,
octadecyltrimethylammonium, organic/mineral powder, organic/zeolite powder,
organic with pecan nut shells/mineral powder, and cellulose/mineral powder have
the middle performance in oilsorption processes. The least preferred sorbents are
zeolite and sand. The proposed multi-criteria decision-making analysis was combined from PROMETHEE and GAIA methods, which ranked the sorbents based on
sorption capacity, cost factor, retention capacity, hydrophilicity, environmental
factors, ease of use, biodegradability, and oil emulsion sorption capacity. The results
demonstrated that the organo-clays are able to clean up oil spilled because of their
high sorption capacity, retention capacity, and hydrophobicity. However, their cost,
biodegradability, and reusability have a negative effect on the applications of these
sorbents.
Carbon-Based Sorbents
Recently, carbon-based sorbents have attracted the attention of researchers because
of their suitable surface area, excellent mechanical properties, large pore volumes,
and good chemical stability. They also have high ability to sorb oil because of their
porous structures. Graphite, grapheme, and activated carbon are used alone to
remove spilled oil or improve other materials for this purpose. The carbon-based
sorbents with superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surfaces can be produced by
various methods.
Activated carbons are produced from raw source like wood, coconut shell, and
charcoal. High surface area, porous structure, and acceptable surface reactivity have
made them an appropriate strong sorbent to remove organic pollutants from water
surfaces. These sorbents are used in powdered activated carbon and granular activated carbon forms. They are widely used in oilremediation processes, although less
information is available on the mechanism of their adsorption. Fulazzaky (2011)
investigated mass transfer resistance by activated carbon and developed the current
mathematical models. In addition, this study emphasized the impact of porosity,
nature of the raw source for activated carbons production, surface characters,
molecular structure, and molecular weight on the sorption ability.
In another study, Fulazzaky and Omar (2012) examined the sorption ability of
granular activated carbons (used in the block filter) to remove oil and grease from
steam water and determined their accumulation rate and adsorption capacity. Finally,
numerical models were developed for dynamic uptake of oil and grease. Oil and
grease concentration, space of pores and accumulation time were selected as variables to improve the linear equations. The oil and grease concentrations before and
after crossing the block filter with granular activated carbons were 5.7–101.2 and
0.0–0.1 mg/L in steam water, respectively. These results showed excellent behavior
of block filter to uptake oil and grease contaminant. Figure 12.38 compares oil and
12 Remediation of Pollution by Oil Spills
451