Table 12.8
Properties of nanocellulose aerogels and their fabrication methods. A: Inexpensive, B: Less-expensive, C: expensive, D: Very expensive, BETSA:
BET Specific Area, CA: contact angle, NFC: nanofibrillated cellulose, NCC: nanocrystalline cellulose and BNC: bacterial nanocellulose
cost
Classification
Cellulose
sources
Nanocellulose Decomposition
Hydrophobic processes
Density (g/cm
3
)
Porousness
(%)
BETSA
(m2/g)
CA
(deg)
Oiluptake
capacity
(g/g)
Raw
material
Synthesis
process
NFC-based aerogels
Hardwood
Kraft pulp
Mechanical, homogenization
Atom layer deposition (ALD)
coated by TiO2
0.02–0.03 (initial)
>98 (initial)
–
>90
20–40
A
C
Sulfite-softwood pulp
Carboxymethylation
pretreatment, high-pressure
homogenization
Octyltrichlorosilane (OTCS)
modification by chemical
vapor deposition (CVD)
0.004–0.014
(initial)
99.1–99.8
(initial)
11–42
(initial)
150
45
A
C
Pine needle
cellulose
HCl pretreatment, ultrasonic
disintegration
Trimethylchlorosilane
(TMCS) modification by
CVD
0.00312 (initial)
–
20.09 (initial)
135
52
D
C
Rice straw
cellulose
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) oxidation, mechanical
disintegration
Triethoxyl(octyl)silane
(OTES) modification by
CVD
0.0027 (initial)
99.5–99.6
(initial)
10.9 (initial)
–
139À356
D
C
Hardwood
pulp
Mechanical beating
Acid-hydrolyzed
methyltrimethoxysilane
(MTMS) modification by
CVD
0.0024 (initial)
98.4–99.84
(initial)
–
>150
88–228
A
A
Oat straw
cellulose
pulp
Mechanical disintegration
MTMS-hydrolyzed
poysilxane modification
0.0067 (initial)
0.0051–0.0173
(final)
99.6 (initial)
99.0–99.7
(final)
24 (initial)
3–25 (final)
110–150
49–102
A
A
Softwood
Kraft pulp
Mechanical disintegration
Chemical grafting by hydrophobic Styrene-acrylic
Monomer
0.0232 (final)
98.5 (final)
18.4 (final)
149
20–46.4
A
C
NFC/PVA hybrid
aerogels
Fully
bleachedeucalyptus
Kraft pulp
TEMPO oxidation, mechanical
disintegration
Trichloromethylsilane
(TCMS) modification by
CVD
0.0106 (initial)
0.013 (final)
>98 (final)
195 (initial)
172 (final)
150.3
45–96
A
C
(continued)
12 Remediation of Pollution by Oil Spills
427
Properties of nanocellulose aerogels and their fabrication methods. A: Inexpensive, B: Less-expensive, C: expensive, D: Very expensive, BETSA:
BET Specific Area, CA: contact angle, NFC: nanofibrillated cellulose, NCC: nanocrystalline cellulose and BNC: bacterial nanocellulose
cost
Classification
Cellulose
sources
Nanocellulose Decomposition
Hydrophobic processes
Density (g/cm
3
)
Porousness
(%)
BETSA
(m2/g)
CA
(deg)
Oiluptake
capacity
(g/g)
Raw
material
Synthesis
process
NFC-based aerogels
Hardwood
Kraft pulp
Mechanical, homogenization
Atom layer deposition (ALD)
coated by TiO2
0.02–0.03 (initial)
>98 (initial)
–
>90
20–40
A
C
Sulfite-softwood pulp
Carboxymethylation
pretreatment, high-pressure
homogenization
Octyltrichlorosilane (OTCS)
modification by chemical
vapor deposition (CVD)
0.004–0.014
(initial)
99.1–99.8
(initial)
11–42
(initial)
150
45
A
C
Pine needle
cellulose
HCl pretreatment, ultrasonic
disintegration
Trimethylchlorosilane
(TMCS) modification by
CVD
0.00312 (initial)
–
20.09 (initial)
135
52
D
C
Rice straw
cellulose
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) oxidation, mechanical
disintegration
Triethoxyl(octyl)silane
(OTES) modification by
CVD
0.0027 (initial)
99.5–99.6
(initial)
10.9 (initial)
–
139À356
D
C
Hardwood
pulp
Mechanical beating
Acid-hydrolyzed
methyltrimethoxysilane
(MTMS) modification by
CVD
0.0024 (initial)
98.4–99.84
(initial)
–
>150
88–228
A
A
Oat straw
cellulose
pulp
Mechanical disintegration
MTMS-hydrolyzed
poysilxane modification
0.0067 (initial)
0.0051–0.0173
(final)
99.6 (initial)
99.0–99.7
(final)
24 (initial)
3–25 (final)
110–150
49–102
A
A
Softwood
Kraft pulp
Mechanical disintegration
Chemical grafting by hydrophobic Styrene-acrylic
Monomer
0.0232 (final)
98.5 (final)
18.4 (final)
149
20–46.4
A
C
NFC/PVA hybrid
aerogels
Fully
bleachedeucalyptus
Kraft pulp
TEMPO oxidation, mechanical
disintegration
Trichloromethylsilane
(TCMS) modification by
CVD
0.0106 (initial)
0.013 (final)
>98 (final)
195 (initial)
172 (final)
150.3
45–96
A
C
(continued)
12 Remediation of Pollution by Oil Spills
427