belonging to different classes before and after biological treatment with nutrient
removal. Subsequently, the impact of ozone exposure on micropollutants found in
the secondary effluent coupled to the process was investigated. The results revealed
indicated that the efficiency of organic compound removal in the sewage treatment
plant was strongly dependent on their hydrophobicity. As expected, ibuprofen was
95% removed, whereas ibuprofen and carbamazepine required the ozonation treatment, where 120 s of ozonation removed both compounds at ozone doses <50
and < 90 mM, respectively.
The Spanish group Plataforma Solar de Almería has exhaustively researched
advanced oxidation processes, mainly regarding oxidation processes coupled with
other treatments. In this approach, Miralles-Cuevas et al. (2013) investigated if
nanofiltration and solar photo-Fenton combination are more effectiveness than
photo-Fenton alone to improvement the conventional biological treatment for carbamazepine, flumequine, ibuprofen, ofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole compounds,
as a tertiary treatment. In a subsequent study, Miralles-Cuevas et al. (2014c) used the
same model contaminants to assess whether nanofiltration and mild solar photoFenton combination process was more effective than nanofiltration or solar PhotoFenton alone. Moreover, Miralles-Cuevas et al. (2014a) compared traditional
advanced oxidation processes, solar photo-Fenton, and ozonation with photoFenton-like process employing ethylenediamine-N,N
0 -disuccinic acid as
complexing agent, as tertiary treatments from nanofiltration concentrates to remove
the same pharmaceutical compounds from natural waters. In another study, the same
author (Miralles-Cuevas et al. 2014b) investigated the treatment of a municipal
wastewater treatment plant before and after nanofiltration concentration by the
solar mild (neutral pH) photo-Fenton with ethylenediamine-N,N
0 -disuccinic acid
and citrate-like as complexing agents. The main conclusions of these studies were
that concentration of pharmaceuticals by nanofiltration produced a clean effluent and
resulted in a concentrated stream for subsequent neutral solar photo-Fenton applications. Consequently, combining nanofiltration/advanced oxidation processes
reduced treatment time, costs and reagent consumption. Nevertheless, the best
option for complexing Fe was the use of ethylenediamine-N,N
0 -disuccinic acid
than citrate (Miralles-Cuevas et al. 2014b).
A study carried out by Giannakis et al. (2015), evaluated three different secondary
treatment methods, such as moving bed bioreactor, active sludge, and coagulationflocculation, coupled to ultraviolet, sunlight irradiation, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide, fenton, and solar Photo-Fenton for the degradation of six pharmaceuticals and
personal care products. Among the evaluated secondary treatments, the moving bed
bioreactor effluent presents advantages for subsequent advanced oxidation processes
treatment. The pH and suspended solids content were slightly lower than the active
sludge and coagulation-flocculation effluents. Physical-chemistry parameters in the
wastewater can influence the degradation efficiency. For example, alkalinity can act
as scavenger for
●
OH avoiding the degradation, due the carbonate presence. A girth
amount of suspended solids can be a physical barrier between the organic compounds and the photons (Giannakis et al. 2015). Using the same approach, Gimeno
et al. (2016) carried out aerobic biodegradation followed by TiO 2 solar
10 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment and. . .
341
removal. Subsequently, the impact of ozone exposure on micropollutants found in
the secondary effluent coupled to the process was investigated. The results revealed
indicated that the efficiency of organic compound removal in the sewage treatment
plant was strongly dependent on their hydrophobicity. As expected, ibuprofen was
95% removed, whereas ibuprofen and carbamazepine required the ozonation treatment, where 120 s of ozonation removed both compounds at ozone doses <50
and < 90 mM, respectively.
The Spanish group Plataforma Solar de Almería has exhaustively researched
advanced oxidation processes, mainly regarding oxidation processes coupled with
other treatments. In this approach, Miralles-Cuevas et al. (2013) investigated if
nanofiltration and solar photo-Fenton combination are more effectiveness than
photo-Fenton alone to improvement the conventional biological treatment for carbamazepine, flumequine, ibuprofen, ofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole compounds,
as a tertiary treatment. In a subsequent study, Miralles-Cuevas et al. (2014c) used the
same model contaminants to assess whether nanofiltration and mild solar photoFenton combination process was more effective than nanofiltration or solar PhotoFenton alone. Moreover, Miralles-Cuevas et al. (2014a) compared traditional
advanced oxidation processes, solar photo-Fenton, and ozonation with photoFenton-like process employing ethylenediamine-N,N
0 -disuccinic acid as
complexing agent, as tertiary treatments from nanofiltration concentrates to remove
the same pharmaceutical compounds from natural waters. In another study, the same
author (Miralles-Cuevas et al. 2014b) investigated the treatment of a municipal
wastewater treatment plant before and after nanofiltration concentration by the
solar mild (neutral pH) photo-Fenton with ethylenediamine-N,N
0 -disuccinic acid
and citrate-like as complexing agents. The main conclusions of these studies were
that concentration of pharmaceuticals by nanofiltration produced a clean effluent and
resulted in a concentrated stream for subsequent neutral solar photo-Fenton applications. Consequently, combining nanofiltration/advanced oxidation processes
reduced treatment time, costs and reagent consumption. Nevertheless, the best
option for complexing Fe was the use of ethylenediamine-N,N
0 -disuccinic acid
than citrate (Miralles-Cuevas et al. 2014b).
A study carried out by Giannakis et al. (2015), evaluated three different secondary
treatment methods, such as moving bed bioreactor, active sludge, and coagulationflocculation, coupled to ultraviolet, sunlight irradiation, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide, fenton, and solar Photo-Fenton for the degradation of six pharmaceuticals and
personal care products. Among the evaluated secondary treatments, the moving bed
bioreactor effluent presents advantages for subsequent advanced oxidation processes
treatment. The pH and suspended solids content were slightly lower than the active
sludge and coagulation-flocculation effluents. Physical-chemistry parameters in the
wastewater can influence the degradation efficiency. For example, alkalinity can act
as scavenger for
●
OH avoiding the degradation, due the carbonate presence. A girth
amount of suspended solids can be a physical barrier between the organic compounds and the photons (Giannakis et al. 2015). Using the same approach, Gimeno
et al. (2016) carried out aerobic biodegradation followed by TiO 2 solar
10 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment and. . .
341