photocatalysis, solar photo-Fenton and ozonation in the degradation of carbamazepine and diclofenac that were persistent to biological oxidation treatment. Toxicity
assessment indicated no inhibition in Daphnia magna immobilization tests. The
results revealed that the combination of ozonation with a photocatalytic processes
demonstrated higher degradation rates than simple photocatalytic oxidation (i.e.,
TiO 2 /ultraviolet or solar photo Fenton alone).
10.4 Conclusions
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are recognized as contaminants of
emergent concern due to their long-term toxicological effects and possibility to
incorporate to a food level chain. The development and improvement of oxidation
technologies for removal of these contaminants from municipal wastewater is
necessary and a challenging wastewater treatment plant are unsuccessful to remove
of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which then act as a point source of
environmental contamination. Advanced oxidation processes are a hot spot system
that can remove these compounds without adding complex chemicals. Thus, this
review allowed for the following inferences:
• Combined ozonation techniques are the most studied processes for treatment of
wastewater contaminated by pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
• TiO 2 immobilization techniques provide a cost-effective solid-liquid separation
for heterogeneous photocatalysis. The catalyst separation step is a lost time period
that increases treatment costs.
• Advanced oxidation processes research should consider real environmental conditions about residual concentrations from ng/L to μg/L, as mixtures of compounds in different environmental compartments. In addition, the wastewater
matrix is a point that should be taken into account. Thus, advanced oxidation
processes should be more explored on real tertiary wastewater treatment plants
and pilot plant systems.
• Coupling advanced oxidation techniques with biological and physical-chemical
systems offers the potential to reduce environmental effects of pharmaceuticals
and personal care products. Moreover, effective photoreactor system designs
(parabolic solar collector) at industrial scales can be feasible for the economy
and the environment, due to higher utilization of solar energy.
• Ecotoxicological assessments during advanced oxidation processes are another
hot spot for pharmaceuticals and personal care products treatment. The effects on
organisms before, during and after the processes treatment are excellent tools to
assess process efficiencies and can determine possible effects of byproduct
oxidation on human and environmenthealth. Therefore, chronic and early effects
on organisms would be important to assess the several effects between mixtures
of compounds in real water matrices even low concentration.
342
E. M. Saggioro
assessment indicated no inhibition in Daphnia magna immobilization tests. The
results revealed that the combination of ozonation with a photocatalytic processes
demonstrated higher degradation rates than simple photocatalytic oxidation (i.e.,
TiO 2 /ultraviolet or solar photo Fenton alone).
10.4 Conclusions
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are recognized as contaminants of
emergent concern due to their long-term toxicological effects and possibility to
incorporate to a food level chain. The development and improvement of oxidation
technologies for removal of these contaminants from municipal wastewater is
necessary and a challenging wastewater treatment plant are unsuccessful to remove
of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which then act as a point source of
environmental contamination. Advanced oxidation processes are a hot spot system
that can remove these compounds without adding complex chemicals. Thus, this
review allowed for the following inferences:
• Combined ozonation techniques are the most studied processes for treatment of
wastewater contaminated by pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
• TiO 2 immobilization techniques provide a cost-effective solid-liquid separation
for heterogeneous photocatalysis. The catalyst separation step is a lost time period
that increases treatment costs.
• Advanced oxidation processes research should consider real environmental conditions about residual concentrations from ng/L to μg/L, as mixtures of compounds in different environmental compartments. In addition, the wastewater
matrix is a point that should be taken into account. Thus, advanced oxidation
processes should be more explored on real tertiary wastewater treatment plants
and pilot plant systems.
• Coupling advanced oxidation techniques with biological and physical-chemical
systems offers the potential to reduce environmental effects of pharmaceuticals
and personal care products. Moreover, effective photoreactor system designs
(parabolic solar collector) at industrial scales can be feasible for the economy
and the environment, due to higher utilization of solar energy.
• Ecotoxicological assessments during advanced oxidation processes are another
hot spot for pharmaceuticals and personal care products treatment. The effects on
organisms before, during and after the processes treatment are excellent tools to
assess process efficiencies and can determine possible effects of byproduct
oxidation on human and environmenthealth. Therefore, chronic and early effects
on organisms would be important to assess the several effects between mixtures
of compounds in real water matrices even low concentration.
342
E. M. Saggioro