24 pharmaceutical compounds were studied during sand filtration, as pretreatment,
and ozonation, as post-treatment, in an operating municipal biological plant. Ozonation removed 80% or more of the pharmaceutical compounds, although due to low
hydrophobicities the sand filtration was inefficient. Ozonation has been shown a
selective to degradation, where the compounds that have amide structures were
resident, while electron donors group as C¼C or an aromatic presents in the
molecule of compounds were susceptible to ozonation.
Badawy et al. (2009) investigated the efficiency of the Fenton as a pretreatment
step for the removal pharmaceuticals and personal care products from industrial
pharmaceuticalwastewaters before discharge into the biological system. The optimization conditions of the Fenton process was determined by chemical oxygen
demand/hydrogen peroxide 1:2.2, Fe
+2 /hydrogen peroxide 1:50, 1.5 h of reaction
time and pH 3, and the chemical oxygen demand reduction ranged from 67 to 87%.
The Fenton process as pretreatment thus allowed for subsequent biological degradation to be achieved in a shorter detention time.
Nevertheless, the most common application of advanced oxidation processes is
following secondary biological treatment. Hollender et al. (2009) evaluated the
ozonation as a treatment step degradation of 220 micropollutants from a municipal
wastewater treatment plant and found the formation of toxic transformation products
such as nitrosamines and bromate. The authors determined that ibuprofen was easily
biodegradable to yields higher than 85%, whereas diclofenac was shown to be
moderately persistent and carbamazepine was found to be almost completely persistent during activated sludge treatment. A medium level ozone dose contributed in
reaching yields higher than 80% for diclofenac and carbamazepine elimination.
Using the same approach, José et al. (2010) applied a biological membrane treatment
before oxidation by ozonation. However, the application of the membrane bioreactor
treatment was shown to be inefficient. Nevertheless, applications using different
combinations of the ozonation process after membrane bioreactor treatment removed
all target compounds present, with only the carbamazepine products remaining. The
design criteria for wastewater treatment plant present a significant impact on pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal. In this sense, Nguyen et al. (2013)
studied the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products by a hybrid
membrane bioreactor treatment process under ultraviolet photolysis or applying
reverse osmosis membrane and nanofiltration. The membrane bioreactor treatment
alone removed only ibuprofen, whereas hybrid membrane bioreactor treatments
were able to remove both carbamazepine and diclofenac. However, carbamazepine
was persistent, since membrane bioreactor and ultraviolet treatment accounted for
only 30% removal for each process. Schaar et al. (2010) described the removal of
pharmaceuticals and personal care products during high (carbon removal)- and low
(nutrient removal)-loaded conditions with subsequent treatment by an ozonation
step. Ibuprofen showed better removal under low loaded conditions, whereas carbamazepine and diclofenac were not degraded during activated sludge treatment,
requiring a subsequent ozonation step. Ozonation is an advanced oxidation processes technique largely applied after secondary biological treatment. In this context,
Rosal et al. (2010) monitored the occurrence and fate of 84 micropollutants
340
E. M. Saggioro
and ozonation, as post-treatment, in an operating municipal biological plant. Ozonation removed 80% or more of the pharmaceutical compounds, although due to low
hydrophobicities the sand filtration was inefficient. Ozonation has been shown a
selective to degradation, where the compounds that have amide structures were
resident, while electron donors group as C¼C or an aromatic presents in the
molecule of compounds were susceptible to ozonation.
Badawy et al. (2009) investigated the efficiency of the Fenton as a pretreatment
step for the removal pharmaceuticals and personal care products from industrial
pharmaceuticalwastewaters before discharge into the biological system. The optimization conditions of the Fenton process was determined by chemical oxygen
demand/hydrogen peroxide 1:2.2, Fe
+2 /hydrogen peroxide 1:50, 1.5 h of reaction
time and pH 3, and the chemical oxygen demand reduction ranged from 67 to 87%.
The Fenton process as pretreatment thus allowed for subsequent biological degradation to be achieved in a shorter detention time.
Nevertheless, the most common application of advanced oxidation processes is
following secondary biological treatment. Hollender et al. (2009) evaluated the
ozonation as a treatment step degradation of 220 micropollutants from a municipal
wastewater treatment plant and found the formation of toxic transformation products
such as nitrosamines and bromate. The authors determined that ibuprofen was easily
biodegradable to yields higher than 85%, whereas diclofenac was shown to be
moderately persistent and carbamazepine was found to be almost completely persistent during activated sludge treatment. A medium level ozone dose contributed in
reaching yields higher than 80% for diclofenac and carbamazepine elimination.
Using the same approach, José et al. (2010) applied a biological membrane treatment
before oxidation by ozonation. However, the application of the membrane bioreactor
treatment was shown to be inefficient. Nevertheless, applications using different
combinations of the ozonation process after membrane bioreactor treatment removed
all target compounds present, with only the carbamazepine products remaining. The
design criteria for wastewater treatment plant present a significant impact on pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal. In this sense, Nguyen et al. (2013)
studied the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products by a hybrid
membrane bioreactor treatment process under ultraviolet photolysis or applying
reverse osmosis membrane and nanofiltration. The membrane bioreactor treatment
alone removed only ibuprofen, whereas hybrid membrane bioreactor treatments
were able to remove both carbamazepine and diclofenac. However, carbamazepine
was persistent, since membrane bioreactor and ultraviolet treatment accounted for
only 30% removal for each process. Schaar et al. (2010) described the removal of
pharmaceuticals and personal care products during high (carbon removal)- and low
(nutrient removal)-loaded conditions with subsequent treatment by an ozonation
step. Ibuprofen showed better removal under low loaded conditions, whereas carbamazepine and diclofenac were not degraded during activated sludge treatment,
requiring a subsequent ozonation step. Ozonation is an advanced oxidation processes technique largely applied after secondary biological treatment. In this context,
Rosal et al. (2010) monitored the occurrence and fate of 84 micropollutants
340
E. M. Saggioro