respectively, that allow the ozonation reaction (Heberer 2007). Moreover, the ozone
preferably attack the benzene ring double bonds, leading to the formation of
phenolic compounds that react quickly with ozone or ring cleavage with the formation of carbonyl compounds (Huber et al. 2005). Consequently, hydroxylamines and
amine oxides can be formed. From a toxicological point of view, hydroxylamine
formation from sulfonamides may cause hypersensitivity reactions (Huber et al.
2005).
Other investigations regarding the detection of low concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products have focused on improving the use of surrogate
parameters to development of advanced chromatographic techniques, thus to predict
the behavior of pharmaceuticals and personal care products during the processes.
Nanaboina and Korshin (2010) applied ozonation and explore transformations of
effluent organic matter to provide the behavior of representative pharmaceutical
compounds. Gerrity et al. (2012) developed empirical correlations for differential
ultraviolet at 254 nm absorbance and total fluorescence for predict the oxidation of
18 organic contaminants, including ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine in an
ozone-based treatment. The authors concluded that ultraviolet 254 and total fluorescence could be used as surrogates for elimination of compounds, since these
methods require a simple equipment, timework, and cost-effective. Moreover, automated online analyses are available for ultraviolet 254 , and total fluorescence can
allow for full-scale implementation. In this context, Altmann et al. (2014) investigated correlations between organic pharmaceuticals and personal care products
removals with ultraviolet 254 reduction and dissolved organic carbon influence
through powered activated carbon and transformation oxidant products generated
during ozonation in wastewatereffluents. Carbamazepine and diclofenac concentrations were decreased almost 90% at 20 mg L
À1 of powdered activated carbon and
5–7 mg/L of ozone dose. Also, ultraviolet 254 an analysis demonstrated to be suitable
to follow target compound removal by both processes.
Appropriate combinations of advanced oxidation processes have improved the
efficiency of the treatment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products. For
example, ozone oxidation can be combined with another oxidant agent and acceptors
electrons, as hydrogen peroxide (ozone/hydrogen peroxide), such as in the study
carried out by Rosal et al. (2008), who promoted the degradation of 33 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, mainly pharmaceuticals compounds commonly
found in wastewatereffluents. The results demonstrated that ozonation achieved only
moderate mineralization, whereas the addition of hydrogen peroxide led to complete
mineralization. Hydrogen peroxide combined with ultraviolet is a tool to completely
remove pharmaceutical compounds, but the removal efficiency of this process is
uncertain and depends on the water matrix, ultraviolet process conditions, and
specific target organic compounds (Sichel et al. 2011). Regarding this approach,
Lekkerkerker-Teunissen et al. (2012) assessed the degradation carbamazepine and
diclofenac during ultraviolet photolysis and ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide treatments applying two different irradiation ultraviolet lamps such as low-pressure
lamps and medium pressure. Contrary to the photocatalysis processes (TiO 2 /ultraviolet), the diclofenac ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide degradation pathway occurs
336
E. M. Saggioro
preferably attack the benzene ring double bonds, leading to the formation of
phenolic compounds that react quickly with ozone or ring cleavage with the formation of carbonyl compounds (Huber et al. 2005). Consequently, hydroxylamines and
amine oxides can be formed. From a toxicological point of view, hydroxylamine
formation from sulfonamides may cause hypersensitivity reactions (Huber et al.
2005).
Other investigations regarding the detection of low concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products have focused on improving the use of surrogate
parameters to development of advanced chromatographic techniques, thus to predict
the behavior of pharmaceuticals and personal care products during the processes.
Nanaboina and Korshin (2010) applied ozonation and explore transformations of
effluent organic matter to provide the behavior of representative pharmaceutical
compounds. Gerrity et al. (2012) developed empirical correlations for differential
ultraviolet at 254 nm absorbance and total fluorescence for predict the oxidation of
18 organic contaminants, including ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine in an
ozone-based treatment. The authors concluded that ultraviolet 254 and total fluorescence could be used as surrogates for elimination of compounds, since these
methods require a simple equipment, timework, and cost-effective. Moreover, automated online analyses are available for ultraviolet 254 , and total fluorescence can
allow for full-scale implementation. In this context, Altmann et al. (2014) investigated correlations between organic pharmaceuticals and personal care products
removals with ultraviolet 254 reduction and dissolved organic carbon influence
through powered activated carbon and transformation oxidant products generated
during ozonation in wastewatereffluents. Carbamazepine and diclofenac concentrations were decreased almost 90% at 20 mg L
À1 of powdered activated carbon and
5–7 mg/L of ozone dose. Also, ultraviolet 254 an analysis demonstrated to be suitable
to follow target compound removal by both processes.
Appropriate combinations of advanced oxidation processes have improved the
efficiency of the treatment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products. For
example, ozone oxidation can be combined with another oxidant agent and acceptors
electrons, as hydrogen peroxide (ozone/hydrogen peroxide), such as in the study
carried out by Rosal et al. (2008), who promoted the degradation of 33 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, mainly pharmaceuticals compounds commonly
found in wastewatereffluents. The results demonstrated that ozonation achieved only
moderate mineralization, whereas the addition of hydrogen peroxide led to complete
mineralization. Hydrogen peroxide combined with ultraviolet is a tool to completely
remove pharmaceutical compounds, but the removal efficiency of this process is
uncertain and depends on the water matrix, ultraviolet process conditions, and
specific target organic compounds (Sichel et al. 2011). Regarding this approach,
Lekkerkerker-Teunissen et al. (2012) assessed the degradation carbamazepine and
diclofenac during ultraviolet photolysis and ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide treatments applying two different irradiation ultraviolet lamps such as low-pressure
lamps and medium pressure. Contrary to the photocatalysis processes (TiO 2 /ultraviolet), the diclofenac ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide degradation pathway occurs
336
E. M. Saggioro