produce glucuronides metabolites (Stülten et al. 2008). Diclofenac hydroxylated
metabolites have been reported to damage vital organ functions in fish (O ‘connor
et al. 2003; Schwaiger et al. 2004). These compounds have been detected in several
environmental aquatic samples, such as drinking, surface, and wastewater
(Andreozzi et al. 2003; Jux et al. 2002; Ternes 1998; Vieno et al. 2007).
Carbamazepine belongs to a class of medications with anticonvulsant action, used
to therapeutic of different kinds of seizures (Mohapatra et al. 2014). Carbamazepine
is also used to restore episodes of mania or mixed episodes in patients with bipolar
disorder, and it is estimated that around 1014 tons of carbamazepine are annually
prescribed and used by population (Zhang et al. 2008; Mohapatra et al. 2014). The
greatest concern regarding carbamazepine is that its extensive detection in the
environment can be assigned to the its extensive use in day-to-day life and to the
low efficiencies of the biological methods employed in wastewater treatment plant
(e.g., only less than 10% of this compound are removed) (Calisto et al. 2011).
Carbamazepine has been commonly found in surface (Tixier et al. 2003), ground
(Focazio et al. 2008), wastewater treatment plant (Bahlmann et al. 2009), and even
treated drinking water (Heberer et al. 2002).
10.3 Assessment of Advanced Oxidation Processes
for Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Product
Removal
Some conventional wastewater treatment processes have been researched and
applied. However, these technologies are inefficient regarding total removal of
most pharmaceuticals and personal care products from contaminated municipal
waters and wastewaters. Advanced oxidation processes are important chemical
oxidation technologies capable of completely mineralizing organic pollutants by
generation of reactive species, mainly the
● OH that has a high oxidation potential of
2.80 V (Deng and Zhao 2015; Mohapatra et al. 2014). The
● OH is non-selective and
can destroy a broad set of compounds, including several pharmaceuticals and
personal care products, with subsequent conversion of the pollutants to CO 2 , H 2 O,
and mineral acids (Miralles-Cuevas et al. 2013). Advanced oxidation processes
include heterogeneous and homogeneous systems (Table 10.1) based on the systems
with ultraviolet or solar-driven systems and without radiation (e.g., Fenton’s reaction). Depending on the proprieties of the waste to be treated, advanced oxidation
processes may be used alone or coupled with primary and/or secondary conventional
treatment, as a pretreatment or as a posttreatment step (Miralles-Cuevas et al. 2013).
Thus, this review focuses on (i) heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes involving TiO 2 ; (ii) homogenous advanced oxidation processes focused on ozone, ultraviolet light, hydrogen peroxide, Fenton’s reaction, and their combined process; and
(iii) coupling advanced oxidation processes with other treatment processes for
pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from municipal wastewaters.
304
E. M. Saggioro
metabolites have been reported to damage vital organ functions in fish (O ‘connor
et al. 2003; Schwaiger et al. 2004). These compounds have been detected in several
environmental aquatic samples, such as drinking, surface, and wastewater
(Andreozzi et al. 2003; Jux et al. 2002; Ternes 1998; Vieno et al. 2007).
Carbamazepine belongs to a class of medications with anticonvulsant action, used
to therapeutic of different kinds of seizures (Mohapatra et al. 2014). Carbamazepine
is also used to restore episodes of mania or mixed episodes in patients with bipolar
disorder, and it is estimated that around 1014 tons of carbamazepine are annually
prescribed and used by population (Zhang et al. 2008; Mohapatra et al. 2014). The
greatest concern regarding carbamazepine is that its extensive detection in the
environment can be assigned to the its extensive use in day-to-day life and to the
low efficiencies of the biological methods employed in wastewater treatment plant
(e.g., only less than 10% of this compound are removed) (Calisto et al. 2011).
Carbamazepine has been commonly found in surface (Tixier et al. 2003), ground
(Focazio et al. 2008), wastewater treatment plant (Bahlmann et al. 2009), and even
treated drinking water (Heberer et al. 2002).
10.3 Assessment of Advanced Oxidation Processes
for Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Product
Removal
Some conventional wastewater treatment processes have been researched and
applied. However, these technologies are inefficient regarding total removal of
most pharmaceuticals and personal care products from contaminated municipal
waters and wastewaters. Advanced oxidation processes are important chemical
oxidation technologies capable of completely mineralizing organic pollutants by
generation of reactive species, mainly the
● OH that has a high oxidation potential of
2.80 V (Deng and Zhao 2015; Mohapatra et al. 2014). The
● OH is non-selective and
can destroy a broad set of compounds, including several pharmaceuticals and
personal care products, with subsequent conversion of the pollutants to CO 2 , H 2 O,
and mineral acids (Miralles-Cuevas et al. 2013). Advanced oxidation processes
include heterogeneous and homogeneous systems (Table 10.1) based on the systems
with ultraviolet or solar-driven systems and without radiation (e.g., Fenton’s reaction). Depending on the proprieties of the waste to be treated, advanced oxidation
processes may be used alone or coupled with primary and/or secondary conventional
treatment, as a pretreatment or as a posttreatment step (Miralles-Cuevas et al. 2013).
Thus, this review focuses on (i) heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes involving TiO 2 ; (ii) homogenous advanced oxidation processes focused on ozone, ultraviolet light, hydrogen peroxide, Fenton’s reaction, and their combined process; and
(iii) coupling advanced oxidation processes with other treatment processes for
pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from municipal wastewaters.
304
E. M. Saggioro