environmental distribution and bioactive metabolites. The inadvertent and purposeful discharges of pharmacologically active compounds via excreta remain underappreciated, yet their toxicological potency on the ecosystem has become a global
issue. The persistent influxes of these pollutants with new and emerging contaminants have shown potential effects based on several studies reported on the plethora
of compounds in the aquatic realms.
Highlights of current developments in drug monitoring, measurements of distribution and the extent at which sewage treatment plants allow the transport of
chemicals (through different environment media) into the environment are reviewed.
Preferred removal methods and measurements of trace drugs depend largely on
sludge types, influents, effluents and sediments from sewage treatment plants. The
capability to furthering the understanding of overall issues of pharmaceuticals’ fate
and other contaminants is now made available with exposure data on pollutant trend
in the aquatic environment.
References
Ai Jia, Wan Y, Yang X, Hu J (2012) Occurrence and fate of quinolone and fluoroquinolone
antibiotics in a municipal sewage treatment plant. Water Res 46:387–394. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.watres.2011.10.055
Ashfaq M, Khan KN, Rasool S, Mustafa G, Saif-Ur-Rehman M, Nazar MF (2016) Occurrence and
ecological risk assessment of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in hospital waste of Lahore, Pakistan.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 42:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.015
Ashfaq M, Nawaz KK, Saif Ur Rehman M, Mustafa G, Faizan Nazar M, Sun Q (2017) Ecological
risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the receiving environment of pharmaceutical wastewater
in Pakistan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 136:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.029
Azaria S, Nir S, van Rijn J (2017) Combined adsorption and degradation of the off-flavor
compound 2-methylisoborneol in sludge derived from a recirculating aquaculture system.
Chemosphere 169:69–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.051
Baena-Nogueras RM, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA (2017) Degradation kinetics of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface waters: photolysis vs biodegradation. Sci Total
Environ 590–591:643–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.015
Baker DR, Kasprzyk-Hordern B (2011) Multi-residue analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater and
surface water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–positive electrospray
ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1218(12):1620–1631. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.060
Boruszko D (2017) Research on the influence of anaerobic stabilization of various dairy sewage
sludge on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs with the use of effective
microorganisms. Environ Res 155:344–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.019
Daughton CG (2004) Non-regulated water contaminants: emerging research. Environ Impact
Assess Rev 24(7–8):711–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2004.06.003
Daughton CG, Ternes TA (1999) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment:
agents of subtle change? Environ Health Perspect 107(Suppl 6):907–938. https://doi.org/10.
1289/ehp.99107s6907
Gómez-Acata S, Esquivel-Ríos I, Pérez-Sandoval MV, Navarro-Noya Y, Rojas-Valdez A, Thalasso
F (2017) Bacterial community structure within an activated sludge reactor added with phenolic
compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101(8):3405–3414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253016-8000-z
296
A. O. Mustapha
issue. The persistent influxes of these pollutants with new and emerging contaminants have shown potential effects based on several studies reported on the plethora
of compounds in the aquatic realms.
Highlights of current developments in drug monitoring, measurements of distribution and the extent at which sewage treatment plants allow the transport of
chemicals (through different environment media) into the environment are reviewed.
Preferred removal methods and measurements of trace drugs depend largely on
sludge types, influents, effluents and sediments from sewage treatment plants. The
capability to furthering the understanding of overall issues of pharmaceuticals’ fate
and other contaminants is now made available with exposure data on pollutant trend
in the aquatic environment.
References
Ai Jia, Wan Y, Yang X, Hu J (2012) Occurrence and fate of quinolone and fluoroquinolone
antibiotics in a municipal sewage treatment plant. Water Res 46:387–394. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.watres.2011.10.055
Ashfaq M, Khan KN, Rasool S, Mustafa G, Saif-Ur-Rehman M, Nazar MF (2016) Occurrence and
ecological risk assessment of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in hospital waste of Lahore, Pakistan.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 42:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.015
Ashfaq M, Nawaz KK, Saif Ur Rehman M, Mustafa G, Faizan Nazar M, Sun Q (2017) Ecological
risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the receiving environment of pharmaceutical wastewater
in Pakistan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 136:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.029
Azaria S, Nir S, van Rijn J (2017) Combined adsorption and degradation of the off-flavor
compound 2-methylisoborneol in sludge derived from a recirculating aquaculture system.
Chemosphere 169:69–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.051
Baena-Nogueras RM, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA (2017) Degradation kinetics of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface waters: photolysis vs biodegradation. Sci Total
Environ 590–591:643–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.015
Baker DR, Kasprzyk-Hordern B (2011) Multi-residue analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater and
surface water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–positive electrospray
ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1218(12):1620–1631. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.060
Boruszko D (2017) Research on the influence of anaerobic stabilization of various dairy sewage
sludge on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs with the use of effective
microorganisms. Environ Res 155:344–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.019
Daughton CG (2004) Non-regulated water contaminants: emerging research. Environ Impact
Assess Rev 24(7–8):711–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2004.06.003
Daughton CG, Ternes TA (1999) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment:
agents of subtle change? Environ Health Perspect 107(Suppl 6):907–938. https://doi.org/10.
1289/ehp.99107s6907
Gómez-Acata S, Esquivel-Ríos I, Pérez-Sandoval MV, Navarro-Noya Y, Rojas-Valdez A, Thalasso
F (2017) Bacterial community structure within an activated sludge reactor added with phenolic
compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101(8):3405–3414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253016-8000-z
296
A. O. Mustapha