Harman C, Reid M, Thomas KV (2011) In situ calibration of a passive sampling device for selected
illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater, and subsequent year-long assessment of
community drug usage. Environ Sci Technol 45(13):5676–5682. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es201124j
Hedgespeth ML, Sapozhnikova Y, Pennington P, Clum A, Fairey A, Wirth E (2012) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in treated wastewater discharges into Charleston
Harbor, South Carolina. Sci Total Environ 437(0):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.
07.076
Karolak S, Nefau T, Bailly E, Solgadi A, Levi Y (2010) Estimation of illicit drugs consumption by
wastewater analysis in Paris area (France). Forensic Sci Int 200(1–3):153–160. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.007
Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Baker DR (2012a) Estimation of community-wide drugs use via
stereoselective profiling of sewage. Sci Total Environ 423(0):142–150. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.019
Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Baker DR (2012b) Enantiomeric profiling of chiral drugs in wastewater and
receiving waters. Environ Sci Technol 46(3):1681–1691. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203113y
Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2007) Multi-residue method for the determination
of basic/neutral pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface water by solid-phase extraction and
ultra-performance liquid chromatography–positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1161(1–2):132–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.074
Ledjeri A, Yahiaoui I, Aissani-Benissad F (2016) The electro/Fe3+/peroxydisulfate (PDS) process
coupled to activated sludge culture for the degradation of tetracycline. J Environ Manag
184(Pt 2):249–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.086
Lepik R, Tenn T (2017) Determination of biodegradability of phenolic compounds, characteristic to
wastewater of the oil-shale chemical industry, on activated sludge by oxygen uptake measurement. Environ Technol 33(1–3):329–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.572923
Madikizela LM, Tavengwa NT, Chimuka L (2017) Status of pharmaceuticals in African water
bodies: occurrence, removal and analytical methods. J Environ Manag 193:211. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.022
Martín J, Camacho-Muñoz D, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E (2012) Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and sludge from wastewater treatment plants: removal and
ecotoxicological impact of wastewater discharges and sludge disposal. J Hazard Mater
239–240:40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.068
Mendoza A, Aceña J, Pérez S, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Gil A (2015) Pharmaceuticals and
iodinated contrast media in a hospital wastewater: a case study to analyse their presence and
characterise their environmental risk and hazard. Environ Res 140:225–241. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.envres.2015.04.003
Mustapha AO (2013) Fate and behavior of drugs in the environment; PhD Thesis. Nottingham
Trent University, UK. P
Olajire AA, Altenburger R, Kuester E (2005) Chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments of the Niger Delta. Sci Total Environ
340:123–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.08.014
Patrolecco L, Capri S, Ademollo N (2015) Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in the principal
sewage treatment plants in Rome (Italy) and in the receiving surface waters. Environ Sci Pollut
Res Int 22(8):5864–5876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3765-z
Paz A, Tadmor G, Malchi T, Blotevogel J, Borch T, Polubesova T (2016) Fate of carbamazepine, its
metabolites, and lamotrigine in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater: Sorption, leaching and
plant uptake. Chemosphere 160:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.048
Rogers HR (1996) Sources, behaviour and fate of organic contaminants during sewage treatment
and in sewage sludges. Sci Total Environ 185(1–3):3–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697
(96)05039-5
Song X, McDonald J, Price WE, Khan SJ, Hai FI, Ngo HH (2016) Effects of salinity build-up on the
performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor regarding basic water quality parameters and
9 Fate of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Metabolites in the Environment
297
illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater, and subsequent year-long assessment of
community drug usage. Environ Sci Technol 45(13):5676–5682. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es201124j
Hedgespeth ML, Sapozhnikova Y, Pennington P, Clum A, Fairey A, Wirth E (2012) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in treated wastewater discharges into Charleston
Harbor, South Carolina. Sci Total Environ 437(0):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.
07.076
Karolak S, Nefau T, Bailly E, Solgadi A, Levi Y (2010) Estimation of illicit drugs consumption by
wastewater analysis in Paris area (France). Forensic Sci Int 200(1–3):153–160. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.007
Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Baker DR (2012a) Estimation of community-wide drugs use via
stereoselective profiling of sewage. Sci Total Environ 423(0):142–150. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.019
Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Baker DR (2012b) Enantiomeric profiling of chiral drugs in wastewater and
receiving waters. Environ Sci Technol 46(3):1681–1691. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203113y
Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2007) Multi-residue method for the determination
of basic/neutral pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface water by solid-phase extraction and
ultra-performance liquid chromatography–positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1161(1–2):132–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.074
Ledjeri A, Yahiaoui I, Aissani-Benissad F (2016) The electro/Fe3+/peroxydisulfate (PDS) process
coupled to activated sludge culture for the degradation of tetracycline. J Environ Manag
184(Pt 2):249–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.086
Lepik R, Tenn T (2017) Determination of biodegradability of phenolic compounds, characteristic to
wastewater of the oil-shale chemical industry, on activated sludge by oxygen uptake measurement. Environ Technol 33(1–3):329–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.572923
Madikizela LM, Tavengwa NT, Chimuka L (2017) Status of pharmaceuticals in African water
bodies: occurrence, removal and analytical methods. J Environ Manag 193:211. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.022
Martín J, Camacho-Muñoz D, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E (2012) Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and sludge from wastewater treatment plants: removal and
ecotoxicological impact of wastewater discharges and sludge disposal. J Hazard Mater
239–240:40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.068
Mendoza A, Aceña J, Pérez S, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Gil A (2015) Pharmaceuticals and
iodinated contrast media in a hospital wastewater: a case study to analyse their presence and
characterise their environmental risk and hazard. Environ Res 140:225–241. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.envres.2015.04.003
Mustapha AO (2013) Fate and behavior of drugs in the environment; PhD Thesis. Nottingham
Trent University, UK. P
Olajire AA, Altenburger R, Kuester E (2005) Chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments of the Niger Delta. Sci Total Environ
340:123–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.08.014
Patrolecco L, Capri S, Ademollo N (2015) Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in the principal
sewage treatment plants in Rome (Italy) and in the receiving surface waters. Environ Sci Pollut
Res Int 22(8):5864–5876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3765-z
Paz A, Tadmor G, Malchi T, Blotevogel J, Borch T, Polubesova T (2016) Fate of carbamazepine, its
metabolites, and lamotrigine in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater: Sorption, leaching and
plant uptake. Chemosphere 160:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.048
Rogers HR (1996) Sources, behaviour and fate of organic contaminants during sewage treatment
and in sewage sludges. Sci Total Environ 185(1–3):3–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697
(96)05039-5
Song X, McDonald J, Price WE, Khan SJ, Hai FI, Ngo HH (2016) Effects of salinity build-up on the
performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor regarding basic water quality parameters and
9 Fate of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Metabolites in the Environment
297