16α-hydoxyestrone, antitumor cisplatin, diatrizoate, trimethoprim, cyclophosphamide, X-ray contrast agents, cytarabine and iopromide, but details of metabolites
were not identified or reported (Azaria et al. 2017; Mustapha 2013;)
9.6 Analytical Methodologies for Pharmaceuticals Residues
in Wastewaters
Important advances in the detection and quantitative measurement of
pharmaceuticaldrugs and their metabolites using various chromatographic and
mass spectrometric methods have been developed. In gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry is most popular due to its measurement ability
of chemicals at low concentration. Several alternative methods such as immunochemical techniques are good and inexpensive for pharmaceuticalanalyses
(Mustapha 2013).The literatures have reported multistep extraction protocols, to
reduce the matrix influences (Boruszko 2017; Gómez-Acata et al. 2017; KasprzykHordern et al. 2007; Ledjeri et al. 2016; Lepik and Tenn 2017; Madikizela et al.
2017; Martín et al. 2012; Mendoza et al. 2015; Olajire et al. 2005). Improved
recovery after matrix effect under stability of pH delivers extracts that are very
clean using several SPE adsorbent. Suitable parameters depend on application needs,
the reason why several SPE adsorbents have been used with GC-MS
2 or LC-MS
2 for
the determination of drugs and metabolites at low concentrations (ng L
À1 levels) in
aquatic media (Patrolecco et al. 2015; Paz et al. 2016; Song et al. 2016; Tang et al.
Table 9.7 Biodegradability test of some pharmaceuticals
Compound tests
Non-biodegradable
Biodegradable
Readily biodegradable
Chlorhexidine
Ampicillin
Aspirin
Clofibrate
Ibuprofen
Caffeine
Codeine phosphate
Ephedrine
Dextropropoxyphene
Menthol
Amitriptyline
Paracetamol
Erythromycin
Phenylpropanolamine
Meprobamate
Theobromine
Methyldopa
Theophylline
Metronidazole
Naproxen
Sulphamethoxazole
Sulphasalazine
Tetracycline
Tolbutamide
292
A. O. Mustapha
were not identified or reported (Azaria et al. 2017; Mustapha 2013;)
9.6 Analytical Methodologies for Pharmaceuticals Residues
in Wastewaters
Important advances in the detection and quantitative measurement of
pharmaceuticaldrugs and their metabolites using various chromatographic and
mass spectrometric methods have been developed. In gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry is most popular due to its measurement ability
of chemicals at low concentration. Several alternative methods such as immunochemical techniques are good and inexpensive for pharmaceuticalanalyses
(Mustapha 2013).The literatures have reported multistep extraction protocols, to
reduce the matrix influences (Boruszko 2017; Gómez-Acata et al. 2017; KasprzykHordern et al. 2007; Ledjeri et al. 2016; Lepik and Tenn 2017; Madikizela et al.
2017; Martín et al. 2012; Mendoza et al. 2015; Olajire et al. 2005). Improved
recovery after matrix effect under stability of pH delivers extracts that are very
clean using several SPE adsorbent. Suitable parameters depend on application needs,
the reason why several SPE adsorbents have been used with GC-MS
2 or LC-MS
2 for
the determination of drugs and metabolites at low concentrations (ng L
À1 levels) in
aquatic media (Patrolecco et al. 2015; Paz et al. 2016; Song et al. 2016; Tang et al.
Table 9.7 Biodegradability test of some pharmaceuticals
Compound tests
Non-biodegradable
Biodegradable
Readily biodegradable
Chlorhexidine
Ampicillin
Aspirin
Clofibrate
Ibuprofen
Caffeine
Codeine phosphate
Ephedrine
Dextropropoxyphene
Menthol
Amitriptyline
Paracetamol
Erythromycin
Phenylpropanolamine
Meprobamate
Theobromine
Methyldopa
Theophylline
Metronidazole
Naproxen
Sulphamethoxazole
Sulphasalazine
Tetracycline
Tolbutamide
292
A. O. Mustapha