2017; Tiwari et al. 2016; Xiang et al. 2017; Xu et al. 2016; Zhong et al. 2017). The
different types of cartridges and adsorbent materials in multistep extraction procedures reported in the literature are shown in Table 9.8.
9.7 Pharmaceuticals and Metabolites Detected
in Nottingham Sewage Treatment Work Effluent
The Nottingham sewage treatment work is located at Stoke Bardolph in the East
Midlands; it treats the sewage of about 170 million litres per day using activated
sludge. It serves over 500,000 people. A total of 16 h is used for wastewater
Table 9.8 Types of cartridges and adsorbent materials
Types
Sorbent materials
Isolute, pH
® (1000 mg/
6 mL)
Silica treated with phenyl groups in which silanol group is
end-capped
Bond Elut Certify
®
(300 mg/6 mL)
Lipophilic and strongly cationic properties
Oasis, MCX
® (500 mg/
6 mL)
Polymeric sorbent with strong cation-exchange sulphonic group
located on surface of polydivinyl. High selectivity for basic compounds. Benzene-co-N-vinyl pyrrolidone) copolymer
Phenomenex Strata-X™
(200 mg/6 mL)
–
Chrolut, ENV
® (500 mg/
6 mL)
Hyper-cross-linked polystyrene-divinylbenzene polymer based
Chromabond, Easy
(500 mg/6 mL)
Bifunctional polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer
Isolute,C 18 (EC)
® (500 mg/
6 mL)
Strongly apolar and lipophilic based on octadecyl silica with end
capping of free silanol group
Isolute, ENV
® (500 mg/
6 mL)
Hydrophobic sorbent with hydroxylated polystyrenedivinylbenzene copolymer
Oasis, HLB
® (500 mg/
6 mL)
Divinylbenzene/N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer with hydrophilic/
lipophilic properties. Application: all compounds and polar
metabolites
Oasis, MAX (60 mg)
Strong anion-exchange mixed mode polymeric sorbent built upon
HLB copolymer. Application: acidic compounds
Chromabond, C 18
(200 mg).
Silica-based, end-capped sorbent. Application: non-polar
compounds
Isolute, HCX (200 mg)
Weak anion-exchange mixed mode. Application: non-polar and
basic analyte
Oasis, WAX (60 mg)
Weak anion-exchange mixed mode polymeric sorbent built upon
HLB copolymer. Application: strong acids (e.g. sulphonates)
Oasis, WCX (60 mg)
Weak cation-exchange mixed mode polymeric sorbent built upon
HLB copolymer. Application: strong bases e.g. quaternary amines)
9 Fate of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Metabolites in the Environment
293
different types of cartridges and adsorbent materials in multistep extraction procedures reported in the literature are shown in Table 9.8.
9.7 Pharmaceuticals and Metabolites Detected
in Nottingham Sewage Treatment Work Effluent
The Nottingham sewage treatment work is located at Stoke Bardolph in the East
Midlands; it treats the sewage of about 170 million litres per day using activated
sludge. It serves over 500,000 people. A total of 16 h is used for wastewater
Table 9.8 Types of cartridges and adsorbent materials
Types
Sorbent materials
Isolute, pH
® (1000 mg/
6 mL)
Silica treated with phenyl groups in which silanol group is
end-capped
Bond Elut Certify
®
(300 mg/6 mL)
Lipophilic and strongly cationic properties
Oasis, MCX
® (500 mg/
6 mL)
Polymeric sorbent with strong cation-exchange sulphonic group
located on surface of polydivinyl. High selectivity for basic compounds. Benzene-co-N-vinyl pyrrolidone) copolymer
Phenomenex Strata-X™
(200 mg/6 mL)
–
Chrolut, ENV
® (500 mg/
6 mL)
Hyper-cross-linked polystyrene-divinylbenzene polymer based
Chromabond, Easy
(500 mg/6 mL)
Bifunctional polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer
Isolute,C 18 (EC)
® (500 mg/
6 mL)
Strongly apolar and lipophilic based on octadecyl silica with end
capping of free silanol group
Isolute, ENV
® (500 mg/
6 mL)
Hydrophobic sorbent with hydroxylated polystyrenedivinylbenzene copolymer
Oasis, HLB
® (500 mg/
6 mL)
Divinylbenzene/N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer with hydrophilic/
lipophilic properties. Application: all compounds and polar
metabolites
Oasis, MAX (60 mg)
Strong anion-exchange mixed mode polymeric sorbent built upon
HLB copolymer. Application: acidic compounds
Chromabond, C 18
(200 mg).
Silica-based, end-capped sorbent. Application: non-polar
compounds
Isolute, HCX (200 mg)
Weak anion-exchange mixed mode. Application: non-polar and
basic analyte
Oasis, WAX (60 mg)
Weak anion-exchange mixed mode polymeric sorbent built upon
HLB copolymer. Application: strong acids (e.g. sulphonates)
Oasis, WCX (60 mg)
Weak cation-exchange mixed mode polymeric sorbent built upon
HLB copolymer. Application: strong bases e.g. quaternary amines)
9 Fate of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Metabolites in the Environment
293