Table 9.2 Classes of pharmaceuticals in wastewaters
Groups of pharmaceuticals
Drugs
Acidic pharmaceuticals Antiphlogistics,
analgesics and phenolic antiseptics
Salicylic acid, bezafibrate (lipid regulator, antiseptic
biphenylol, antiphlogistic ibuprofen, ibuprofen,
diclofenac, clofibric acid, naproxen, bezafibrate,
fenoprofen, mefenamic acid, paracetamol)
Antibiotics
Penicillin, tetracyclines, sulphonamides and
macrolides
Beta-blocker and β 2 -sympathomimetics
Atenolol, sotalol, metoprolol and β 2 -sympathomimetics (salbutamol)
Oestrogens
Oestrone, oestradiol, ethinyloestradiol
Iodinated contrast media
Iopamidol, iomeprol, iopromide, iohexol, diatrizoate,
ioxitalamic acid, adsorbable organic iodine
Neutral pharmaceuticals
Antiphlogistics, anti-epileptic agents, lipid regulators, vasodilators
Nitrosamines
Morpholine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, diethylamine,
di-n-propylamine, di-n-butylamine, diphenylamine,
methylethylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine
Other micro-pollutants
Benzotriazole, 4-tolyltriazole, 5-tolyltriazole,
bisphenol A
Table 9.3 Psychoactive drugs and beta-blockers from wastewaters
Substances
Influent [ng L
À1
]
E f fluent [ng L
À1
]
LOQ
No of samples
Max
LOQ
No of samples
Max
Anti-epileptics
Carbamazepine
200
9
1000
100
9
1200
Primidone
200
9
420
10
9
250
Antidepressants
Doxepin
200
9
100
10
9
190
Opioids
Codeine
200
9
160
10
9
30
Dihydrocodeine
200
9
140
10
9
70
Methadone
100
9
130
5
9
120
Morphine
200
9
440
10
9
29
Oxycodon
200
0
–
10
0
–
Tramadol
200
6
470
10
6
370
Tranquilizers
Diazepam
200
0
–
10
0
–
Nordiazepam
200
0
–
10
0
–
Oxazepam
200
6
190
10
6
180
Beta-blockers
Atenolol
100
9
910
5
9
370
Sotalol
100
9
1300
5
9
1200
Metoprolol
100
9
1200
5
9
1100
Propranolol
5
9
70
3
9
60
Bisoprolol
100
9
380
5
9
270
Celiprolol
100
9
160
5
9
160
Betaxolol
5
4
10
3
1
–
Note: LOQ ¼ limit of quantification; Max ¼ maximum
Groups of pharmaceuticals
Drugs
Acidic pharmaceuticals Antiphlogistics,
analgesics and phenolic antiseptics
Salicylic acid, bezafibrate (lipid regulator, antiseptic
biphenylol, antiphlogistic ibuprofen, ibuprofen,
diclofenac, clofibric acid, naproxen, bezafibrate,
fenoprofen, mefenamic acid, paracetamol)
Antibiotics
Penicillin, tetracyclines, sulphonamides and
macrolides
Beta-blocker and β 2 -sympathomimetics
Atenolol, sotalol, metoprolol and β 2 -sympathomimetics (salbutamol)
Oestrogens
Oestrone, oestradiol, ethinyloestradiol
Iodinated contrast media
Iopamidol, iomeprol, iopromide, iohexol, diatrizoate,
ioxitalamic acid, adsorbable organic iodine
Neutral pharmaceuticals
Antiphlogistics, anti-epileptic agents, lipid regulators, vasodilators
Nitrosamines
Morpholine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, diethylamine,
di-n-propylamine, di-n-butylamine, diphenylamine,
methylethylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine
Other micro-pollutants
Benzotriazole, 4-tolyltriazole, 5-tolyltriazole,
bisphenol A
Table 9.3 Psychoactive drugs and beta-blockers from wastewaters
Substances
Influent [ng L
À1
]
E f fluent [ng L
À1
]
LOQ
No of samples
Max
LOQ
No of samples
Max
Anti-epileptics
Carbamazepine
200
9
1000
100
9
1200
Primidone
200
9
420
10
9
250
Antidepressants
Doxepin
200
9
100
10
9
190
Opioids
Codeine
200
9
160
10
9
30
Dihydrocodeine
200
9
140
10
9
70
Methadone
100
9
130
5
9
120
Morphine
200
9
440
10
9
29
Oxycodon
200
0
–
10
0
–
Tramadol
200
6
470
10
6
370
Tranquilizers
Diazepam
200
0
–
10
0
–
Nordiazepam
200
0
–
10
0
–
Oxazepam
200
6
190
10
6
180
Beta-blockers
Atenolol
100
9
910
5
9
370
Sotalol
100
9
1300
5
9
1200
Metoprolol
100
9
1200
5
9
1100
Propranolol
5
9
70
3
9
60
Bisoprolol
100
9
380
5
9
270
Celiprolol
100
9
160
5
9
160
Betaxolol
5
4
10
3
1
–
Note: LOQ ¼ limit of quantification; Max ¼ maximum