Table 4.1 (continued)
Effects
Symptoms
Reference
Blackfoot disease (gangrene with
spontaneous amputation)
Raynaud’s syndrome
Acrocyanosis (intermittent)
Ischemic heart disease
Cerebral infarction
Carotid atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Microcirculation abnormalities
Respiratory
Acute signs and symptoms
Irritation of nasal mucosa
Pharynx, larynx, and bronchi
Pulmonary edema
Tracheobronchitis
Bronchial pneumonia
Nasal septum perforation
Chronic signs and symptoms
Rhino-pharyngo-laryngitis
Tracheobronchitis
Pulmonary insufficiency (emphysematous lesions)
Chronic restrictive/obstructive
diseases
Chakraborti et al. (2017), Tchounwou
et al. (2019), Mitra et al. (2020),
Chakraborti et al. (2018) and Sinha
and Prasad (2020)
Neurological
Acute signs and symptoms
Chakraborti et al. (2017), Tchounwou
et al. (2019), Mitra et al. (2020),
Chakraborti et al. (2018) and Sinha
and Prasad (2020)
Sensorimotor peripheral axonal
neuropathy (paresthesia, hyperesthesia, neuralgia)
Neuritis
Autonomic neuropathy with unstable blood pressure, anhidrosis,
sweating, and flushing
Leg/muscular cramps
Lightheadedness
Headache
Weakness
Lethargy
Delirium
Encephalopathy
Hyperpyrexia
Tremors
Disorientation
Seizure
Stupor
Paralysis
Coma
(continued)
76
S. K. Singh et al.