chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 73(19):4640–4646. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ac010514w
Liu F, Wu J, Ying GG et al (2011) Changes in functional diversity of soil microbial community with
addition of antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and chlortetracycline. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
95:1615–1623
Liu W, Pan N, Chen W et al (2012) Effect of veterinary oxytetracycline on functional diversity of
soil microbial community. Plant Soil Environ 58:295–301
Liu B, Li Y, Zhang X et al (2015) Effects of chlortetracycline on soil microbial communities:
comparisons of enzyme activities to the functional diversity via Biolog Eco Plates™. Eur J Soil
Biol 68:69–76
López-Serna R, Jurado A, Vázquez-Suñé E et al (2013) Occurrence of 95 pharmaceuticals and
transformation products in urban groundwaters underlying the metropolis of Barcelona. Spain
Environ Pollut 174:305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.022
Louvet JN, Giammarino C, Potier O et al (2010) Adverse effects of erythromycin on the structure
and chemistry of activated sludge. Environ Pollut 158:688–693
Mackay D, Hughes DM, Luisa RM, Bonnell M (2014) The Role of Persistence in Chemical
Evaluations. 10:588–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1545
Madden JC, Enoch SJ, Hewitt M et al (2009) Pharmaceuticals in the environment: good practice in
predicting acute ecotoxicological effects. Toxicol Lett 185:85–101
Madikizela LM, Tavengwa NT, Chimuka L (2017) Status of pharmaceuticals in African water
bodies: occurrence, removal and analytical methods. J Environ Manag 193:211–220. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.022
Mahmood AR, Al-Haideri HH, Fikrat M, Hassan FM (2019) Detection of antibiotics in drinking
water treatment plants in Baghdad City, Iraq. Hind Adv Pub Heal, Article ID 7851354,
10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7851354
Managaki S, Murata A, Takada H et al (2007) Distribution of macrolides, sulfonamides, and
trimethoprim in tropical waters: ubiquitous occurrence of veterinary antibiotics in the Mekong
Delta. Environ Sci Technol 41:8004–8010. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0709021
Martinez JL, Baquero F, Andersson DI (2007) Predicting antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol
5:958–965
Matongo S, Birungi G, Moodley B et al (2015) Pharmaceutical residues in water and sediment of
Msunduzi River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Chemosphere 134:133–140
McManus PS, Stockwell VO, Sundin GW et al (2002) Antibiotic use in plant agriculture. Annu Rev
Phytopathol 40:443–465
Meakins N, Bubb J, Lester JN (1994) The fate and behaviour of organic micropollutants during
wastewater treatment processes: a review. Int J Environ Pollut 4:27
Meng Q, Liu Z, Zhang Y et al (2014) Effects of antibiotics on in vitro-cultured cotyledons. Vitr Cell
Dev Biol Plant 50:436–441
Michael I, Rizzo L, McArdell CS et al (2013) Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the
release of antibiotics in the environment: a review. Water Res 47:957–995
Migliore L, Cozzolino S, Fiori M (2003) Phytotoxicity to and uptake of enerofloxacin in crop
plants. Chemosphere 52:1233–1244
Mompelat S, Le Bot B, Thomas O (2009) Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical products and
by-products, from resource to drinking water. Environ Int 35:803–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.envint.2008.10.008
Mompelat S, Thomas O, Le Bot B (2011) Contamination levels of human pharmaceutical compounds in French surface and drinking water. J Environ Monit 13:2929–2939
Moore D (2015). Antibiotic classification and mechanism. http://www.orthobullets.com/basicscience/9059/antibiotic-classification-and-mechanism
Muller AK, Westergaard K, Christensen S et al (2002) The diversity and function of soil microbial
communities exposed to different disturbances. Microb Ecol 44:49–58
Munir M, Wong K, Xagoraraki I (2011) Release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the
effuent and biosolids of five wastewater utilities in Michigan. Water Res 45:681–693
3 Existence of Antibiotics in Wastewater as a Pollution Indicator
65
ac010514w
Liu F, Wu J, Ying GG et al (2011) Changes in functional diversity of soil microbial community with
addition of antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and chlortetracycline. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
95:1615–1623
Liu W, Pan N, Chen W et al (2012) Effect of veterinary oxytetracycline on functional diversity of
soil microbial community. Plant Soil Environ 58:295–301
Liu B, Li Y, Zhang X et al (2015) Effects of chlortetracycline on soil microbial communities:
comparisons of enzyme activities to the functional diversity via Biolog Eco Plates™. Eur J Soil
Biol 68:69–76
López-Serna R, Jurado A, Vázquez-Suñé E et al (2013) Occurrence of 95 pharmaceuticals and
transformation products in urban groundwaters underlying the metropolis of Barcelona. Spain
Environ Pollut 174:305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.022
Louvet JN, Giammarino C, Potier O et al (2010) Adverse effects of erythromycin on the structure
and chemistry of activated sludge. Environ Pollut 158:688–693
Mackay D, Hughes DM, Luisa RM, Bonnell M (2014) The Role of Persistence in Chemical
Evaluations. 10:588–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1545
Madden JC, Enoch SJ, Hewitt M et al (2009) Pharmaceuticals in the environment: good practice in
predicting acute ecotoxicological effects. Toxicol Lett 185:85–101
Madikizela LM, Tavengwa NT, Chimuka L (2017) Status of pharmaceuticals in African water
bodies: occurrence, removal and analytical methods. J Environ Manag 193:211–220. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.022
Mahmood AR, Al-Haideri HH, Fikrat M, Hassan FM (2019) Detection of antibiotics in drinking
water treatment plants in Baghdad City, Iraq. Hind Adv Pub Heal, Article ID 7851354,
10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7851354
Managaki S, Murata A, Takada H et al (2007) Distribution of macrolides, sulfonamides, and
trimethoprim in tropical waters: ubiquitous occurrence of veterinary antibiotics in the Mekong
Delta. Environ Sci Technol 41:8004–8010. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0709021
Martinez JL, Baquero F, Andersson DI (2007) Predicting antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol
5:958–965
Matongo S, Birungi G, Moodley B et al (2015) Pharmaceutical residues in water and sediment of
Msunduzi River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Chemosphere 134:133–140
McManus PS, Stockwell VO, Sundin GW et al (2002) Antibiotic use in plant agriculture. Annu Rev
Phytopathol 40:443–465
Meakins N, Bubb J, Lester JN (1994) The fate and behaviour of organic micropollutants during
wastewater treatment processes: a review. Int J Environ Pollut 4:27
Meng Q, Liu Z, Zhang Y et al (2014) Effects of antibiotics on in vitro-cultured cotyledons. Vitr Cell
Dev Biol Plant 50:436–441
Michael I, Rizzo L, McArdell CS et al (2013) Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the
release of antibiotics in the environment: a review. Water Res 47:957–995
Migliore L, Cozzolino S, Fiori M (2003) Phytotoxicity to and uptake of enerofloxacin in crop
plants. Chemosphere 52:1233–1244
Mompelat S, Le Bot B, Thomas O (2009) Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical products and
by-products, from resource to drinking water. Environ Int 35:803–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.envint.2008.10.008
Mompelat S, Thomas O, Le Bot B (2011) Contamination levels of human pharmaceutical compounds in French surface and drinking water. J Environ Monit 13:2929–2939
Moore D (2015). Antibiotic classification and mechanism. http://www.orthobullets.com/basicscience/9059/antibiotic-classification-and-mechanism
Muller AK, Westergaard K, Christensen S et al (2002) The diversity and function of soil microbial
communities exposed to different disturbances. Microb Ecol 44:49–58
Munir M, Wong K, Xagoraraki I (2011) Release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the
effuent and biosolids of five wastewater utilities in Michigan. Water Res 45:681–693
3 Existence of Antibiotics in Wastewater as a Pollution Indicator
65