Etebul E, Arikekpar I (2016) Antibiotics: classification and mechanisms of action with emphasis on
molecular perspectives. IJAMBR 4:90–101
Feitosa-Felizzola J, Chiron S (2009) Occurrence and distribution of selected antibiotics in a small
Mediterranean stream (Arc River, Southern France). J Hydrol 364:50–57. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.jhydrol.2008.10.006
Ferber D (2003) Antibiotic resistance. WHO advises kicking the livestock antibiotic habit. Science
301:1027
Fick J, Söderström H, Lindberg RH et al (2009) Contamination of surface, ground, and drinking
water from pharmaceutical production. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:2522–2527. https://doi.org/
10.1897/09-073.1
Flaherty CM, Dodson SI (2005) Effects of pharmaceuticals on Daphnia survival, growth, and
reproduction. Chemosphere 61:200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.016
Focazio MJ, Kolpin DW, Barnes KK et al (2008) A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals
and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States – (II) untreated drinking water
sources. Sci Total Environ 402:201–216
Forni C, Cascone A, Fiori M et al (2002) Sulfadimethoxine and Azollafiliculoids Lam.: a model of
drug remediation. Water Res 36:3398–3403
Frank U, Tacconelli E (2012) The Daschner guide to in-hopsital antibiotic therapy. European
standards. Available online at: http://www.springer.com/978-3-642-18401-7. 300 p
Garcia-Galan MJ, Garrido T, Fraile J et al (2010) Simultaneous occurrence of nitrates and
sulfonamide antibiotics in two ground water bodies of Catalonia (Spain). J Hydrol 383:93–101
Giger W, Alder AC, Golet EM et al (2003) Occurrence and fate of antibiotics as trace contaminants
in waste waters, sewage sludges, and surface waters. Chimia Int J Chem 57:485–491
Ginebreda A, Muñoz I, de Alda ML et al (2010) Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals
in rivers: relationships between hazard indexes and aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity indexes
in the Llobregat River (NE Spain). Environ Int 36:153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.
2009.10.003
Göbel A, Thomsen A, McArdell CS et al (2005) Extraction and determination of sulfonamides,
macrolides, and trimethoprim in sewage sludge. J Chromatogr A 1085:179–189. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.051
Göbel A, Mcardell C, Joss A et al (2007) Fate of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in
different wastewater treatment technologies. Sci Total Environ 372:361–371
Gothwal R, Shashidhar T (2014) Antibiotic pollution in the environment: a review. Clean Soil Air
Water 42(9999):1–11
Grenni P, Ancona V, Caracciolo AB (2018) Ecological effects of antibiotics on natural ecosystems:
a review. Microchem J 136:25–39
Grewal D, Gill R, Gosal SS (2006) Influence of antibiotic cefotaxime on somatic embryogenesis
and plant regeneration in indica rice. Biotechnol J 1:1158–1162
Grzebelus E, Skop L (2014) Effect of β-lactam antibiotics on plant regeneration in carrot protoplast
cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 50:568–575
Guo XY, Hao LJ, Qiu PZ et al (2016) Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in
livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province, China. J Environ Sci Heal B
51(6):383–392
Gurr C, Reinhard M (2006) Harnessing natural attenuation of pharmaceuticals and hormones in
rivers. Environ Sci Technol 40:2872–2876
Haack SK, Metge DW, Fogarty LR et al (2012) Effects on groundwater microbial communities of
an engineered 30-day in situ exposure to the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole. Environ Sci Technol
46:7478–7486
Halling-Sorensen B (2000) Algal toxicity of antibacterial agent used in intensive farming.
Chemosphere 40:731–739
Hammesfahr U, Heuer H, Manzke B et al (2008) Impact of the antibiotic sulfadiazine and pig
manure on the microbial community structure in agricultural soils. Soil Biol Biochem
40:1583–1591
62
H. H. Al-Haideri et al.
molecular perspectives. IJAMBR 4:90–101
Feitosa-Felizzola J, Chiron S (2009) Occurrence and distribution of selected antibiotics in a small
Mediterranean stream (Arc River, Southern France). J Hydrol 364:50–57. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.jhydrol.2008.10.006
Ferber D (2003) Antibiotic resistance. WHO advises kicking the livestock antibiotic habit. Science
301:1027
Fick J, Söderström H, Lindberg RH et al (2009) Contamination of surface, ground, and drinking
water from pharmaceutical production. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:2522–2527. https://doi.org/
10.1897/09-073.1
Flaherty CM, Dodson SI (2005) Effects of pharmaceuticals on Daphnia survival, growth, and
reproduction. Chemosphere 61:200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.016
Focazio MJ, Kolpin DW, Barnes KK et al (2008) A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals
and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States – (II) untreated drinking water
sources. Sci Total Environ 402:201–216
Forni C, Cascone A, Fiori M et al (2002) Sulfadimethoxine and Azollafiliculoids Lam.: a model of
drug remediation. Water Res 36:3398–3403
Frank U, Tacconelli E (2012) The Daschner guide to in-hopsital antibiotic therapy. European
standards. Available online at: http://www.springer.com/978-3-642-18401-7. 300 p
Garcia-Galan MJ, Garrido T, Fraile J et al (2010) Simultaneous occurrence of nitrates and
sulfonamide antibiotics in two ground water bodies of Catalonia (Spain). J Hydrol 383:93–101
Giger W, Alder AC, Golet EM et al (2003) Occurrence and fate of antibiotics as trace contaminants
in waste waters, sewage sludges, and surface waters. Chimia Int J Chem 57:485–491
Ginebreda A, Muñoz I, de Alda ML et al (2010) Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals
in rivers: relationships between hazard indexes and aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity indexes
in the Llobregat River (NE Spain). Environ Int 36:153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.
2009.10.003
Göbel A, Thomsen A, McArdell CS et al (2005) Extraction and determination of sulfonamides,
macrolides, and trimethoprim in sewage sludge. J Chromatogr A 1085:179–189. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.051
Göbel A, Mcardell C, Joss A et al (2007) Fate of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in
different wastewater treatment technologies. Sci Total Environ 372:361–371
Gothwal R, Shashidhar T (2014) Antibiotic pollution in the environment: a review. Clean Soil Air
Water 42(9999):1–11
Grenni P, Ancona V, Caracciolo AB (2018) Ecological effects of antibiotics on natural ecosystems:
a review. Microchem J 136:25–39
Grewal D, Gill R, Gosal SS (2006) Influence of antibiotic cefotaxime on somatic embryogenesis
and plant regeneration in indica rice. Biotechnol J 1:1158–1162
Grzebelus E, Skop L (2014) Effect of β-lactam antibiotics on plant regeneration in carrot protoplast
cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 50:568–575
Guo XY, Hao LJ, Qiu PZ et al (2016) Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in
livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province, China. J Environ Sci Heal B
51(6):383–392
Gurr C, Reinhard M (2006) Harnessing natural attenuation of pharmaceuticals and hormones in
rivers. Environ Sci Technol 40:2872–2876
Haack SK, Metge DW, Fogarty LR et al (2012) Effects on groundwater microbial communities of
an engineered 30-day in situ exposure to the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole. Environ Sci Technol
46:7478–7486
Halling-Sorensen B (2000) Algal toxicity of antibacterial agent used in intensive farming.
Chemosphere 40:731–739
Hammesfahr U, Heuer H, Manzke B et al (2008) Impact of the antibiotic sulfadiazine and pig
manure on the microbial community structure in agricultural soils. Soil Biol Biochem
40:1583–1591
62
H. H. Al-Haideri et al.