of potable water. WSP was the most effective method for the evaluation and
distribution of safe drinking water. But WSPs still require major support from the
local governments for its effective implementation, monitoring, and data collection.
WHO provides guidance and support to regulators and water suppliers with the help
of local NGOs to effectively implement WSP, risk assessment, and monitoring the
prevalence of waterborne infections/diseases. Currently, more than 50 countries
have a national strategy established to scale up WSP implementation (WHO
2012). Figure 1.3 shows global coverage of improved drinking water. In 2015,
WHO released a worldwide plan on antimicrobial resistance. ARBs and ARGs are
a group of unusual and major contaminants of fecal wastes and water. The primary
objective was to understand the role of water in transmission and increase of ARBs
and ARGs and to take necessary steps to eliminate it. The plan was to highlight
WASH and antimicrobial resistance and propose new directions for their threat
evaluation control and management. Proper sanitation, hygiene, and safe water
distribution in households, educational institutions, and health centers remain a
priority; however, ensuring a check on the spread of ARBs and ARGs is also a
concern for the regulatory authorities (Chen et al. 2017).
1.8 Conclusions
Microbial contamination of drinking water is one of the significant threats in
developing countries and even in the most developed countries. Recently, it has
been evident that there is an association between disinfection by-products and
adverse health effects. It is essential to treat upcoming threats of diseases from
contaminated water at the basic supply level, through proper sanitation and scientific
waste management. Well-designed epidemiological data and studies are also needed
so that microbes responsible for contamination can be identified. A major change is
required in the current system of risk analysis and management of water safety and
waterborne diseases. The existing water safety rules have lot of drawbacks, which
make the implementation of newer WSPs difficult and prevents to assess the risk
factors and to conduct an epidemiological study. Recently, the approach is practiced
globally using principles from the food industry’s Hazard Analysis Critical Control
Point, described by the WHO as WSPs. Scientific and correct disposal of household,
industrial, agricultural, and hospital wastes along with a proper sanitation system can
increase the water safety levels, consequently decreasing the outbreak of waterborne
diseases. By following the rules and regulations as well as by self-control, the risk
from water contaminants can be reduced up to certain levels.
Conflict of Interests None
Funding None
14
S. Rath
distribution of safe drinking water. But WSPs still require major support from the
local governments for its effective implementation, monitoring, and data collection.
WHO provides guidance and support to regulators and water suppliers with the help
of local NGOs to effectively implement WSP, risk assessment, and monitoring the
prevalence of waterborne infections/diseases. Currently, more than 50 countries
have a national strategy established to scale up WSP implementation (WHO
2012). Figure 1.3 shows global coverage of improved drinking water. In 2015,
WHO released a worldwide plan on antimicrobial resistance. ARBs and ARGs are
a group of unusual and major contaminants of fecal wastes and water. The primary
objective was to understand the role of water in transmission and increase of ARBs
and ARGs and to take necessary steps to eliminate it. The plan was to highlight
WASH and antimicrobial resistance and propose new directions for their threat
evaluation control and management. Proper sanitation, hygiene, and safe water
distribution in households, educational institutions, and health centers remain a
priority; however, ensuring a check on the spread of ARBs and ARGs is also a
concern for the regulatory authorities (Chen et al. 2017).
1.8 Conclusions
Microbial contamination of drinking water is one of the significant threats in
developing countries and even in the most developed countries. Recently, it has
been evident that there is an association between disinfection by-products and
adverse health effects. It is essential to treat upcoming threats of diseases from
contaminated water at the basic supply level, through proper sanitation and scientific
waste management. Well-designed epidemiological data and studies are also needed
so that microbes responsible for contamination can be identified. A major change is
required in the current system of risk analysis and management of water safety and
waterborne diseases. The existing water safety rules have lot of drawbacks, which
make the implementation of newer WSPs difficult and prevents to assess the risk
factors and to conduct an epidemiological study. Recently, the approach is practiced
globally using principles from the food industry’s Hazard Analysis Critical Control
Point, described by the WHO as WSPs. Scientific and correct disposal of household,
industrial, agricultural, and hospital wastes along with a proper sanitation system can
increase the water safety levels, consequently decreasing the outbreak of waterborne
diseases. By following the rules and regulations as well as by self-control, the risk
from water contaminants can be reduced up to certain levels.
Conflict of Interests None
Funding None
14
S. Rath