References
Allaire M, Wu H, Lall U (2018) National trends in drinking water quality violations. Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A 115(9):2078–2083
Ashbolt NJ (2015) Microbial contamination of drinking water and human health from community
water systems. Curr Environ Health Rep 2(1):95–106
Bain R, Cronk R, Wright J, Yang H, Slaymaker T, Bartram J (2014) Fecal contamination of
drinking-water in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
PLoS Med 11(5):e1001644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001644
Barrett JR (2014) Chemical contaminants in drinking water: where do we go from here? Environ
Health Perspect 122(3):A80. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.122-A80
Bi W, Weng B, Yuan Z, Ye M, Zhang C, Zhao Y et al (2018) Evolution characteristics of surface
water quality due to climate change and LUCC under scenario simulations: a case study in the
Luanhe River basin. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(8):E1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph15081724
Bonadonna L, La Rosa G (2019) A review and update on waterborne viral diseases associated with
swimming pools. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(2):166. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph16020166
Brouwer AF, Masters NB, Eisenberg J (2018) Quantitative microbial risk assessment and infectious
disease transmission modeling of waterborne enteric pathogens. Curr Environ Health Rep 5
(2):293–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-018-0196-x
Carias C, Undurraga EA, Hurd J, Kahn EB, Meltzer MI, Bowen A (2019) Evaluation of the impact
of shigellosis exclusion policies in childcare settings upon detection of a shigellosis outbreak.
BMC Infect Dis 19:172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3796-7
Chan S, Pullerits K, Keucken A, Persson KM, Paul CJ, Rådström P (2019) Bacterial release from
pipe biofilm in a full-scale drinking water distribution system. NPJ Biofilms Microbiol 5:9.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-019-0082-9
Chen Z, Yu D, He S, Ye H, Zhang L, Wen Y et al (2017) Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant
Escherichia coli in drinking water sources in Hangzhou City. Front Microbiol 8:1133. https://
doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01133
Douterelo I, Husband S, Loza V, Boxall J (2016) Dynamics of biofilm regrowth in drinking water
distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 82(14):4155–4168
Edokpayi JN, Rogawski ET, Kahler DM, Hill CL, Reynolds C, Nyathi et al (2018) Challenges to
sustainable safe drinking water: a case study of water quality and use across seasons in rural
communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water 10(2):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/
w10020159
Falup-Pecurariu O, Lixandru RI, Cojocaru E, Csutak K, Monescu V, Muhsen et al (2019) Shiga
toxin producing Escherichia coli-associated diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome in young
children in Romania. Gut Pathog 11:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-019-0327-4
Fawell J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ (2003) Contaminants in drinking water. Br Med Bull 68:199–208
Fish KE, Boxall JB (2018) Biofilm microbiome (re)growth dynamics in drinking water distribution
systems are impacted by chlorine concentration. Front Microbiol 9:2519. https://doi.org/10.
3389/fmicb.2018.02519
Fuentes MD, Gutierrez S, Sahagun D, Gomez J, Mendoza J et al (2019) Assessment of antibiotic
levels, multi-drug resistant bacteria and genetic biomarkers in the waters of the Rio Grande
River between the United States-Mexico Border. J Health Pollut 9(23):190912. https://doi.org/
10.5696/2156-9614-9.23.190912
Gall AM, Mariñas BJ, Lu Y, Shisler JL (2015) Waterborne viruses: a barrier to safe drinking water.
PLoS Pathog 11(6):e1004867. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867
Hartemann P, Newman R, Foliguet JM (1986) Epidemiology of infectious diseases transmitted by
drinking water in developed countries. Epidemiol Public Health 34(1):59–68
Hatami H (2013) Importance of water and water-borne diseases: on the occasion of the world water
day (march 22, 2013). Int J Prev Med 4(3):243–245
1 Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water
15
Allaire M, Wu H, Lall U (2018) National trends in drinking water quality violations. Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A 115(9):2078–2083
Ashbolt NJ (2015) Microbial contamination of drinking water and human health from community
water systems. Curr Environ Health Rep 2(1):95–106
Bain R, Cronk R, Wright J, Yang H, Slaymaker T, Bartram J (2014) Fecal contamination of
drinking-water in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
PLoS Med 11(5):e1001644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001644
Barrett JR (2014) Chemical contaminants in drinking water: where do we go from here? Environ
Health Perspect 122(3):A80. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.122-A80
Bi W, Weng B, Yuan Z, Ye M, Zhang C, Zhao Y et al (2018) Evolution characteristics of surface
water quality due to climate change and LUCC under scenario simulations: a case study in the
Luanhe River basin. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(8):E1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph15081724
Bonadonna L, La Rosa G (2019) A review and update on waterborne viral diseases associated with
swimming pools. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(2):166. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph16020166
Brouwer AF, Masters NB, Eisenberg J (2018) Quantitative microbial risk assessment and infectious
disease transmission modeling of waterborne enteric pathogens. Curr Environ Health Rep 5
(2):293–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-018-0196-x
Carias C, Undurraga EA, Hurd J, Kahn EB, Meltzer MI, Bowen A (2019) Evaluation of the impact
of shigellosis exclusion policies in childcare settings upon detection of a shigellosis outbreak.
BMC Infect Dis 19:172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3796-7
Chan S, Pullerits K, Keucken A, Persson KM, Paul CJ, Rådström P (2019) Bacterial release from
pipe biofilm in a full-scale drinking water distribution system. NPJ Biofilms Microbiol 5:9.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-019-0082-9
Chen Z, Yu D, He S, Ye H, Zhang L, Wen Y et al (2017) Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant
Escherichia coli in drinking water sources in Hangzhou City. Front Microbiol 8:1133. https://
doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01133
Douterelo I, Husband S, Loza V, Boxall J (2016) Dynamics of biofilm regrowth in drinking water
distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 82(14):4155–4168
Edokpayi JN, Rogawski ET, Kahler DM, Hill CL, Reynolds C, Nyathi et al (2018) Challenges to
sustainable safe drinking water: a case study of water quality and use across seasons in rural
communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water 10(2):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/
w10020159
Falup-Pecurariu O, Lixandru RI, Cojocaru E, Csutak K, Monescu V, Muhsen et al (2019) Shiga
toxin producing Escherichia coli-associated diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome in young
children in Romania. Gut Pathog 11:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-019-0327-4
Fawell J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ (2003) Contaminants in drinking water. Br Med Bull 68:199–208
Fish KE, Boxall JB (2018) Biofilm microbiome (re)growth dynamics in drinking water distribution
systems are impacted by chlorine concentration. Front Microbiol 9:2519. https://doi.org/10.
3389/fmicb.2018.02519
Fuentes MD, Gutierrez S, Sahagun D, Gomez J, Mendoza J et al (2019) Assessment of antibiotic
levels, multi-drug resistant bacteria and genetic biomarkers in the waters of the Rio Grande
River between the United States-Mexico Border. J Health Pollut 9(23):190912. https://doi.org/
10.5696/2156-9614-9.23.190912
Gall AM, Mariñas BJ, Lu Y, Shisler JL (2015) Waterborne viruses: a barrier to safe drinking water.
PLoS Pathog 11(6):e1004867. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867
Hartemann P, Newman R, Foliguet JM (1986) Epidemiology of infectious diseases transmitted by
drinking water in developed countries. Epidemiol Public Health 34(1):59–68
Hatami H (2013) Importance of water and water-borne diseases: on the occasion of the world water
day (march 22, 2013). Int J Prev Med 4(3):243–245
1 Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water
15