• Prevention of contamination at the origin of water-basic level.
• Prevention of contamination while transmission using a proper filter and treating
while it gets transported to the household.
• Treatment (chlorination) of storage tanks at home and prevention of further
contamination during storage, such as from flies, wastes, and rainwater.
• Preventing while transportation of water through household pipes by using proper
filters and purifiers.
• Boiling, purification, and filtration before consumption.
• Maintaining proper hygiene is also one of the most important components of
prevention from the further transmission of diseases.
• More studies into the concentrations and removal of ARB and ARG are needed.
When it comes to understanding the presence and human health significance of
antimicrobial resistance in waterborne pathogens in environmental and treated
waters, there are far more questions and research needs than there are answers.
The GWPP and European Commission reviews both call for expanded sciencebased information and risk assessments into the relationships between aquatic
antibiotic concentrations, the spread of antimicrobial resistance, and public health
protection, all of which seems prudent.
1.7 Actions Taken by WHO and Other Organizations
According to the “Millennium Development Goal” target for drinking water, there
was a plan of supplying 50% of the world population with safe drinking water. Till
1990, 76% of the total world population had access to safe drinking water, which
increased to 89% in 2012. However, this distribution across the world is highly
uneven (Fig. 1.3). By 2012, only 56% of the total world population had the highest
level of access, supplied water facilities in their home. In 2004, WHO initiated
“Water Safety Plans (WSPs)” that presents the guidelines for estimating the quality
Fig. 1.3 Global coverage of improved drinking water 2012. (Source: https://apps.who.int/iris/
bitstream/handle/10665/150112/9789241564823_eng.pdf?sequence¼1)
1 Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water
13
• Prevention of contamination while transmission using a proper filter and treating
while it gets transported to the household.
• Treatment (chlorination) of storage tanks at home and prevention of further
contamination during storage, such as from flies, wastes, and rainwater.
• Preventing while transportation of water through household pipes by using proper
filters and purifiers.
• Boiling, purification, and filtration before consumption.
• Maintaining proper hygiene is also one of the most important components of
prevention from the further transmission of diseases.
• More studies into the concentrations and removal of ARB and ARG are needed.
When it comes to understanding the presence and human health significance of
antimicrobial resistance in waterborne pathogens in environmental and treated
waters, there are far more questions and research needs than there are answers.
The GWPP and European Commission reviews both call for expanded sciencebased information and risk assessments into the relationships between aquatic
antibiotic concentrations, the spread of antimicrobial resistance, and public health
protection, all of which seems prudent.
1.7 Actions Taken by WHO and Other Organizations
According to the “Millennium Development Goal” target for drinking water, there
was a plan of supplying 50% of the world population with safe drinking water. Till
1990, 76% of the total world population had access to safe drinking water, which
increased to 89% in 2012. However, this distribution across the world is highly
uneven (Fig. 1.3). By 2012, only 56% of the total world population had the highest
level of access, supplied water facilities in their home. In 2004, WHO initiated
“Water Safety Plans (WSPs)” that presents the guidelines for estimating the quality
Fig. 1.3 Global coverage of improved drinking water 2012. (Source: https://apps.who.int/iris/
bitstream/handle/10665/150112/9789241564823_eng.pdf?sequence¼1)
1 Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water
13