189
Jiang T, Kennedy MD, van der Meer WGJ, Vanrolleghem PA, Schippers JC (2003) The role of
blocking and cake filtration in MBR fouling. Desalination 157(1–3):335–343. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00414-4
Jiang T, Kennedy MD, Guinzbourg BF, Vanrolleghem PA, Schippers JC (2005) Optimising the
operation of a MBR pilot plant by quantitative analysis of the membrane fouling mechanism.
Water Sci Technol 51(6–7):19–25
Karakulski K, Gryta M, Morawski A (2002) Membrane processes used for potable
water quality improvement. Desalination 145(1–3):315–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0011-9164(02)00429-0
Kazi SN (2012) Fouling and fouling mitigation on heat exchanger surfaces. In Heat ExchangersBasics Design Applications: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/32990
Khawaji AD, Kutubkhanah IK, Wie J-M (2008) Advances in seawater desalination technologies.
Desalination 221(1–3):47–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067
Khayet M, Matsuura T, Mengual JI, Qtaishat M (2006) Design of novel direct contact membrane distillation membranes. Desalination 192(1–3):105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
desal.2005.06.047
Kimura S, Nakao S-I, Shimatani S-I (1987) Transport phenomena in membrane distillation. J
Membr Sci 33(3):285–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80286-0
Konieczny K, Rafa J (2000) Modeling of the membrane filtration process of natural waters. Pol J
Environ Stud 9(1):57–64
Krivorot M, Kushmaro A, Oren Y, Gilron J (2011) Factors affecting biofilm formation and biofouling in membrane distillation of seawater. J Membr Sci 376(1–2):15–24. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.061
Laganà F, Barbieri G, Drioli E (2000) Direct contact membrane distillation: modelling and concentration experiments. J Membr Sci 166(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00234-3
Lalia BS, Guillen-Burrieza E, Arafat HA, Hashaikeh R (2013) Fabrication and characterization
of polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) electrospun membranes for
direct contact membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 428:104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
memsci.2012.10.061
Lawson KW, Lloyd DR (1997) Membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 124(1):1–25. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0376-7388(96)00236-0
Liao Y, Wang R, Tian M, Qiu C, Fane AG (2013) Fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
nanofiber membranes by electro-spinning for direct contact membrane distillation. J Membr
Sci 425:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.09.023
Liu GL, Zhu C, Cheung CS, Leung CW (1998) Theoretical and experimental studies on air
gap membrane distillation. Heat Mass Transf 34(4):329–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s002310050267
Lu J-G, Zheng Y-F, Cheng M-D (2008) Wetting mechanism in mass transfer process of hydrophobic membrane gas absorption. J Membr Sci 308(1–2):180–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
memsci.2007.09.051
Martinetti CR, Childress AE, Cath TY (2009) High recovery of concentrated RO brines using
forward osmosis and membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 331(1–2):31–39. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.01.003
Martı́ nez-Dı́ ez L, Vazquez-Gonzalez MI (1999) Temperature and concentration polarization in
membrane distillation of aqueous salt solutions. J Membr Sci 156(2):265–273. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00349-4
Masafu CK, Trigg MA, Carter R, Howden NJK (2016) Water availability and agricultural demand:
an assessment framework using global datasets in a data scarce catchment, Rokel-Seli River,
Sierra Leone. J Hydrol Reg Stud 8:222–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2016.10.001
Mayer M, Braun R, Fuchs W (2006) Comparison of various aeration devices for air sparging
in crossflow membrane filtration. J Membr Sci 277(1–2):258–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
memsci.2005.10.035
Meier D, Dubin L (1987) A novel approach to silica inhibition. Corrosion/87, Paper(334)
6 Fouling and Wetting: A Major Challenge for Membrane Distillation
Jiang T, Kennedy MD, van der Meer WGJ, Vanrolleghem PA, Schippers JC (2003) The role of
blocking and cake filtration in MBR fouling. Desalination 157(1–3):335–343. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00414-4
Jiang T, Kennedy MD, Guinzbourg BF, Vanrolleghem PA, Schippers JC (2005) Optimising the
operation of a MBR pilot plant by quantitative analysis of the membrane fouling mechanism.
Water Sci Technol 51(6–7):19–25
Karakulski K, Gryta M, Morawski A (2002) Membrane processes used for potable
water quality improvement. Desalination 145(1–3):315–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0011-9164(02)00429-0
Kazi SN (2012) Fouling and fouling mitigation on heat exchanger surfaces. In Heat ExchangersBasics Design Applications: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/32990
Khawaji AD, Kutubkhanah IK, Wie J-M (2008) Advances in seawater desalination technologies.
Desalination 221(1–3):47–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067
Khayet M, Matsuura T, Mengual JI, Qtaishat M (2006) Design of novel direct contact membrane distillation membranes. Desalination 192(1–3):105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
desal.2005.06.047
Kimura S, Nakao S-I, Shimatani S-I (1987) Transport phenomena in membrane distillation. J
Membr Sci 33(3):285–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80286-0
Konieczny K, Rafa J (2000) Modeling of the membrane filtration process of natural waters. Pol J
Environ Stud 9(1):57–64
Krivorot M, Kushmaro A, Oren Y, Gilron J (2011) Factors affecting biofilm formation and biofouling in membrane distillation of seawater. J Membr Sci 376(1–2):15–24. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.061
Laganà F, Barbieri G, Drioli E (2000) Direct contact membrane distillation: modelling and concentration experiments. J Membr Sci 166(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00234-3
Lalia BS, Guillen-Burrieza E, Arafat HA, Hashaikeh R (2013) Fabrication and characterization
of polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) electrospun membranes for
direct contact membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 428:104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
memsci.2012.10.061
Lawson KW, Lloyd DR (1997) Membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 124(1):1–25. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0376-7388(96)00236-0
Liao Y, Wang R, Tian M, Qiu C, Fane AG (2013) Fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
nanofiber membranes by electro-spinning for direct contact membrane distillation. J Membr
Sci 425:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.09.023
Liu GL, Zhu C, Cheung CS, Leung CW (1998) Theoretical and experimental studies on air
gap membrane distillation. Heat Mass Transf 34(4):329–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s002310050267
Lu J-G, Zheng Y-F, Cheng M-D (2008) Wetting mechanism in mass transfer process of hydrophobic membrane gas absorption. J Membr Sci 308(1–2):180–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
memsci.2007.09.051
Martinetti CR, Childress AE, Cath TY (2009) High recovery of concentrated RO brines using
forward osmosis and membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 331(1–2):31–39. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.01.003
Martı́ nez-Dı́ ez L, Vazquez-Gonzalez MI (1999) Temperature and concentration polarization in
membrane distillation of aqueous salt solutions. J Membr Sci 156(2):265–273. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00349-4
Masafu CK, Trigg MA, Carter R, Howden NJK (2016) Water availability and agricultural demand:
an assessment framework using global datasets in a data scarce catchment, Rokel-Seli River,
Sierra Leone. J Hydrol Reg Stud 8:222–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2016.10.001
Mayer M, Braun R, Fuchs W (2006) Comparison of various aeration devices for air sparging
in crossflow membrane filtration. J Membr Sci 277(1–2):258–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
memsci.2005.10.035
Meier D, Dubin L (1987) A novel approach to silica inhibition. Corrosion/87, Paper(334)
6 Fouling and Wetting: A Major Challenge for Membrane Distillation