the best nitrogen source for A. niger. Effect of various nitrogen sources including
ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, yeast extract, peptone,
malt extract, tryptone, and beef extract at 0.2% level on production of exo, endo1,4-β-D-glucanases production by P. lilacinum was studied and found that ammonium sulfate had the highest impact on FPase (1.11 IU/ml) and CMCase (1.95 IU/
mL) production (Srilakshmi et al. 2017). However, different researchers have
recorded organic nitrogen sources effect in the maximum production of cellulases
compared to inorganic (Jeya et al. 2010; Deswal et al. 2011). Supplementation of
peptone was observed to increase growth and cellulase production (Chandra et al.
2009).
Malik et al. (2010) examined the inorganic nitrogen sources like Ammonium
sulfate supported maximum production of Fpase (0.926 U/ml/min), CMCse
(1.68 U/ml/min). Similarly, 0.3% Ammonium sulfate with 20% Apple waste
enhanced the production of cellulase activity of 2.28 IU/ml/min by A. fumigatus
JCF (Elsa et al. 2015). It was noticed that better cellulase activity can be attained by
ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source (Sethi and Gupta 2014). Almost the same
results were observed by Bhattacharya et al. (2014) when compared to organic
nitrogen sources and the rest of inorganic nitrogen sources NH 4 SO 4 acted as the
good nitrogen source for production of cellulolytic enzyme during SSF. Various
inorganic nitrogen sources viz., ammonium phosphate, ammonium phosphate dibasic, ammonium nitrate, ammonium oxalate, ammonium sulfate, and urea were used
as nitrogen sources to examine their result on the production of enzymes by
A. oryzae FK-923. In this study, they concluded that urea and ammonium nitrate
were more appropriate for cellulase enzyme synthesis (Hassan et al. 2016). Nonetheless, potassium nitrate and sugar beet peel also acted as the best nitrogen sources
for higher production of cellulase (Mushimiyimana and Tallapragada 2015). Peptone yielded higher cellulase enzyme activity (Jain and Jain 2016). According to
Akurathi and Thoti (2018), yeast extract was noticed to be the better nitrogen source
for maximum cellulase production.
3.5.4 pH
Among physical parameters, the pH of growth medium plays a central role by
enhancing phenetic differences in microorganisms and enzyme production. The
pH alter noticed in the growth of microorganisms also influences product constancy
in the medium. The optimum pH differs by various microbes and enzymes. Better
focus is given to standardizing the primary pH of moist solid medium (Fadel et al.
2013).
Sethi and Gupta (2014) optimized the initial pH by operation factorial-design
technique for four different fungal strains, i.e., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.,
Fusarium sp., and Microsporium sp. to enhance cellulase enzyme production.
They observed that maximum enzyme activity (0.95 U/mL) for P. chrysogenum at
pH 5.0 and followed by A. niger (0.85 U/ml). In a similar manner, Hassan et al.
82
M. Subhosh Chandra et al.
ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, yeast extract, peptone,
malt extract, tryptone, and beef extract at 0.2% level on production of exo, endo1,4-β-D-glucanases production by P. lilacinum was studied and found that ammonium sulfate had the highest impact on FPase (1.11 IU/ml) and CMCase (1.95 IU/
mL) production (Srilakshmi et al. 2017). However, different researchers have
recorded organic nitrogen sources effect in the maximum production of cellulases
compared to inorganic (Jeya et al. 2010; Deswal et al. 2011). Supplementation of
peptone was observed to increase growth and cellulase production (Chandra et al.
2009).
Malik et al. (2010) examined the inorganic nitrogen sources like Ammonium
sulfate supported maximum production of Fpase (0.926 U/ml/min), CMCse
(1.68 U/ml/min). Similarly, 0.3% Ammonium sulfate with 20% Apple waste
enhanced the production of cellulase activity of 2.28 IU/ml/min by A. fumigatus
JCF (Elsa et al. 2015). It was noticed that better cellulase activity can be attained by
ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source (Sethi and Gupta 2014). Almost the same
results were observed by Bhattacharya et al. (2014) when compared to organic
nitrogen sources and the rest of inorganic nitrogen sources NH 4 SO 4 acted as the
good nitrogen source for production of cellulolytic enzyme during SSF. Various
inorganic nitrogen sources viz., ammonium phosphate, ammonium phosphate dibasic, ammonium nitrate, ammonium oxalate, ammonium sulfate, and urea were used
as nitrogen sources to examine their result on the production of enzymes by
A. oryzae FK-923. In this study, they concluded that urea and ammonium nitrate
were more appropriate for cellulase enzyme synthesis (Hassan et al. 2016). Nonetheless, potassium nitrate and sugar beet peel also acted as the best nitrogen sources
for higher production of cellulase (Mushimiyimana and Tallapragada 2015). Peptone yielded higher cellulase enzyme activity (Jain and Jain 2016). According to
Akurathi and Thoti (2018), yeast extract was noticed to be the better nitrogen source
for maximum cellulase production.
3.5.4 pH
Among physical parameters, the pH of growth medium plays a central role by
enhancing phenetic differences in microorganisms and enzyme production. The
pH alter noticed in the growth of microorganisms also influences product constancy
in the medium. The optimum pH differs by various microbes and enzymes. Better
focus is given to standardizing the primary pH of moist solid medium (Fadel et al.
2013).
Sethi and Gupta (2014) optimized the initial pH by operation factorial-design
technique for four different fungal strains, i.e., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.,
Fusarium sp., and Microsporium sp. to enhance cellulase enzyme production.
They observed that maximum enzyme activity (0.95 U/mL) for P. chrysogenum at
pH 5.0 and followed by A. niger (0.85 U/ml). In a similar manner, Hassan et al.
82
M. Subhosh Chandra et al.