wheat bran, sucrose, and filter paper was studied for the production of exo, endo1,4-β-D-glucanases by eight different species of Trichoderma under SSF and
observed that corn cob was the most efficient carbon source for cellulolytic enzymes
production followed by wheat bran, filter paper, sucrose, and maltose. Similarly,
Nathan et al. (2014) isolated a total of 12 fungal strains from mangrove plant debris
and soil sample and exploited a variety of carbon sources (dextrose, sucrose, xylose,
and CMC) for better production of cellulase enzyme and observed maximum
cellulase activity by glucose. Srilakshmi et al. (2017) studied the influence of eight
arrays of carbon sources including xylose, fructose, glucose, maltose, galactose,
lactose, and cellulose at 3% on the cellulase production by P. lilacinum (NCBI
accession number: KT387301) incubated for 7 days on rotatory shaker. Out of the
eight carbon sources used, 3% xylose was proved to be the top carbon source for
higher FPase (1.15 IU/ml) and CMCase (2.09 IU/mL) production. Maltose and
cellulose were noticed as poor carbon sources for FPase and CMCase production.
Studies have reported lactose is an extremely used soluble carbon source and a
good inducer for cellulase production by T. reesei (Amore et al. 2013). The highest
enhancement of endoglucanase (17.21 U/gds) and exoglucanase (1.99 U/gds) titers
was observed by using lactose. The most enzyme activity was recorded on manitol
and sugar beet peel as substrates (2.32 U/ml) noticed by Mushimiyimana and
Tallapragada (2015). Wheat bran yielded higher cellulase enzyme activity reported
by Jain and Jain (2016). The medium was added with banana agro-waste as the
carbon source produced high levels of cellulase observed by Shah et al. (2015).
Maltose acts as the best carbon source (1%), studied by Akurathi and Thoti (2018).
3.5.3 Nitrogen Source
Generally, nitrogen requirement of microbes is met by the substrate itself in a
number of cases, while supplementation of extra nitrogen compounds in form of
organic or inorganic is frequently requisite. The result of nitrogen source on the
production of cellulolytic enzymes is changeable; rely on fungi and compound
assessed (Kachlishvili et al. 2006). Additionally, enzyme production was influenced
considerably in various concentrations of nitrogen sources (Panagiotou et al. 2003).
Therefore, optimization of nitrogen source for better synthesis of cellulolytic
enzymes in SSF is required.
Nathan et al. (2014) studied the different organic and inorganic nitrogen sources
like peptone, beef extract, sodium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate to enhance the
cellulase activity by T. viride VKF3 under SmF, and peptone was observed to be
greatest nitrogen source for exoglucanase higher activity on seventh day of incubation and down tendency was recorded on more incubation. In another study, Sethi
and Gupta (2014) optimized various nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate, urea,
yeast extract, and peptone) for better production of cellulase from four diverse
fungal strains, i.e., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and Microsporium
sp. Among the studied four varieties of nitrogen sources ammonium sulfate served as
3 Influence of Significant Parameters on Cellulase Production by Solid-State. . .
81
observed that corn cob was the most efficient carbon source for cellulolytic enzymes
production followed by wheat bran, filter paper, sucrose, and maltose. Similarly,
Nathan et al. (2014) isolated a total of 12 fungal strains from mangrove plant debris
and soil sample and exploited a variety of carbon sources (dextrose, sucrose, xylose,
and CMC) for better production of cellulase enzyme and observed maximum
cellulase activity by glucose. Srilakshmi et al. (2017) studied the influence of eight
arrays of carbon sources including xylose, fructose, glucose, maltose, galactose,
lactose, and cellulose at 3% on the cellulase production by P. lilacinum (NCBI
accession number: KT387301) incubated for 7 days on rotatory shaker. Out of the
eight carbon sources used, 3% xylose was proved to be the top carbon source for
higher FPase (1.15 IU/ml) and CMCase (2.09 IU/mL) production. Maltose and
cellulose were noticed as poor carbon sources for FPase and CMCase production.
Studies have reported lactose is an extremely used soluble carbon source and a
good inducer for cellulase production by T. reesei (Amore et al. 2013). The highest
enhancement of endoglucanase (17.21 U/gds) and exoglucanase (1.99 U/gds) titers
was observed by using lactose. The most enzyme activity was recorded on manitol
and sugar beet peel as substrates (2.32 U/ml) noticed by Mushimiyimana and
Tallapragada (2015). Wheat bran yielded higher cellulase enzyme activity reported
by Jain and Jain (2016). The medium was added with banana agro-waste as the
carbon source produced high levels of cellulase observed by Shah et al. (2015).
Maltose acts as the best carbon source (1%), studied by Akurathi and Thoti (2018).
3.5.3 Nitrogen Source
Generally, nitrogen requirement of microbes is met by the substrate itself in a
number of cases, while supplementation of extra nitrogen compounds in form of
organic or inorganic is frequently requisite. The result of nitrogen source on the
production of cellulolytic enzymes is changeable; rely on fungi and compound
assessed (Kachlishvili et al. 2006). Additionally, enzyme production was influenced
considerably in various concentrations of nitrogen sources (Panagiotou et al. 2003).
Therefore, optimization of nitrogen source for better synthesis of cellulolytic
enzymes in SSF is required.
Nathan et al. (2014) studied the different organic and inorganic nitrogen sources
like peptone, beef extract, sodium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate to enhance the
cellulase activity by T. viride VKF3 under SmF, and peptone was observed to be
greatest nitrogen source for exoglucanase higher activity on seventh day of incubation and down tendency was recorded on more incubation. In another study, Sethi
and Gupta (2014) optimized various nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate, urea,
yeast extract, and peptone) for better production of cellulase from four diverse
fungal strains, i.e., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and Microsporium
sp. Among the studied four varieties of nitrogen sources ammonium sulfate served as
3 Influence of Significant Parameters on Cellulase Production by Solid-State. . .
81