et al. 2015). Castor bean was employed as solid support for cellulase production with
A. japonicus URM5620 by SSF and optimized the various physical parameters using
a full factorial design (2
4 ) (Herculano et al. 2011).
Solid substrates like castor husk, sugarcane bagasse, sesamum husk, groundnut
fodder, rice husk, tea residue, and sawdust were screened for cellulolytic enzymes
production by A. unguis in SSF. Notably, the highest production of enzymes differed
from substrate to substrate, though based on the next excellent substrate and local
accessibility of groundnut fodder-assisted highest enzyme activity contrasted with
other substrates (Shruthi et al. 2019). In a related report, Chandra et al. (2007) found
that synthesis of cellulases by A. niger on substrates, i.e., groundnut fodder, wheat
bran, rice bran, and sawdust in SSF was compared. Among the tested substrates,
wheat bran served as an excellent solid substrate for maximum production of
cellulase. Agricultural residues including carrot, onion, potato, and sugar beet
peels were used for synthesis of cellulolytic enzymes (Mushimiyimana and
Tallapragada 2015). The agricultural residues produced cellulase which was attained
on sixth day on potato peel and seventh day on carrot, onion, and sugar beet peels.
The higher cellulase enzyme was noticed with sugar beet in all parameters. Cellulase
was found to be produced from S. fungicidicus RPBS-A4 by rice bran (5–6%), as a
top substrate among tested (Akurathi and Thoti 2018). Interestingly, pineapple and
orange peels were used as substrates for cellulolytic enzymes production. Maximum
enzymes were obtained on fifth day after A. niger was cultivated in the medium with
pineapple peel, orange peel, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) whereas it was
attained on third day for pineapple peel and fifth day (Amaeze et al. 2015). Wastes
like waste paper, cotton ginning, wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse, and cellulose use
SSF for production of cellulase (Komal and Anjali 2015). Substrates including rice
bran, corn bran, sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, and saw dust were chosen for
investigating the best solid support for higher cellulase production. Among the
substrates, corn bran showed high cellulase activity (107.7 U/gds) in unoptimized
condition; therefore, corn bran was chosen as substrate for the statistical standardization of various experiments for enhancing cellulase activity (Faisal and Benjamin
2016).
3.5.2 Carbon Source
Carbon sources play a significant task in all chemical reactions of the cell and
cellulolytic enzymes production by the microbes. Cellulase-producing organisms
are grown on medium consisting of diverse carbon sources. Sethi and Gupta (2014)
screened various carbon sources namely fructose, glucose, sucrose, lactose, and
maltose at 1.0% concentration to enhance the cellulase production by four various
fungal strains, i.e., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and Microsporium
sp. They observed that A. niger in presence of glucose, fructose, and maltose brought
about the highest cellulase production compared with other carbon sources. In
another study, the effect of various carbon compounds viz., maltose, corn cob,
80
M. Subhosh Chandra et al.
A. japonicus URM5620 by SSF and optimized the various physical parameters using
a full factorial design (2
4 ) (Herculano et al. 2011).
Solid substrates like castor husk, sugarcane bagasse, sesamum husk, groundnut
fodder, rice husk, tea residue, and sawdust were screened for cellulolytic enzymes
production by A. unguis in SSF. Notably, the highest production of enzymes differed
from substrate to substrate, though based on the next excellent substrate and local
accessibility of groundnut fodder-assisted highest enzyme activity contrasted with
other substrates (Shruthi et al. 2019). In a related report, Chandra et al. (2007) found
that synthesis of cellulases by A. niger on substrates, i.e., groundnut fodder, wheat
bran, rice bran, and sawdust in SSF was compared. Among the tested substrates,
wheat bran served as an excellent solid substrate for maximum production of
cellulase. Agricultural residues including carrot, onion, potato, and sugar beet
peels were used for synthesis of cellulolytic enzymes (Mushimiyimana and
Tallapragada 2015). The agricultural residues produced cellulase which was attained
on sixth day on potato peel and seventh day on carrot, onion, and sugar beet peels.
The higher cellulase enzyme was noticed with sugar beet in all parameters. Cellulase
was found to be produced from S. fungicidicus RPBS-A4 by rice bran (5–6%), as a
top substrate among tested (Akurathi and Thoti 2018). Interestingly, pineapple and
orange peels were used as substrates for cellulolytic enzymes production. Maximum
enzymes were obtained on fifth day after A. niger was cultivated in the medium with
pineapple peel, orange peel, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) whereas it was
attained on third day for pineapple peel and fifth day (Amaeze et al. 2015). Wastes
like waste paper, cotton ginning, wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse, and cellulose use
SSF for production of cellulase (Komal and Anjali 2015). Substrates including rice
bran, corn bran, sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, and saw dust were chosen for
investigating the best solid support for higher cellulase production. Among the
substrates, corn bran showed high cellulase activity (107.7 U/gds) in unoptimized
condition; therefore, corn bran was chosen as substrate for the statistical standardization of various experiments for enhancing cellulase activity (Faisal and Benjamin
2016).
3.5.2 Carbon Source
Carbon sources play a significant task in all chemical reactions of the cell and
cellulolytic enzymes production by the microbes. Cellulase-producing organisms
are grown on medium consisting of diverse carbon sources. Sethi and Gupta (2014)
screened various carbon sources namely fructose, glucose, sucrose, lactose, and
maltose at 1.0% concentration to enhance the cellulase production by four various
fungal strains, i.e., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and Microsporium
sp. They observed that A. niger in presence of glucose, fructose, and maltose brought
about the highest cellulase production compared with other carbon sources. In
another study, the effect of various carbon compounds viz., maltose, corn cob,
80
M. Subhosh Chandra et al.