(Böck et al. 2006; Posewitz et al. 2004). Inactivation of algal Fe-Fe hydrogenase
takes place when exposed to oxygen (Erbes et al. 1979; Stripp and Happe 2009),
represents a major challenge, and needs to be overcome for efficient hydrogen
production. Stripp and Happe (2009) reported that carbon monoxide leads to reversible inactivation of algal FeFe hydrogenase by binding to the H-cluster of 2Fe
domain and may have a protective effect on the hydrogenase. The two hydrogenases
involved in hydrogen production are coded by HYDA1 and HYDA2 genes (Forestier
et al. 2003). With increasing light intensity, chlorophyll concentration increases
resulting in more number of electrons being generated. These electrons combine
with protons to form hydrogen (Rashid et al. 2013). One of the limitations of direct
biophotolysis is the duration of hydrogen evolution which it is only up to few
minutes. This is due to the simultaneous production of hydrogen and oxygen
molecules (Melis 2007).
The role of periplasmic hydrogenases within the sulfate-reducing microorganism
Desulfovibrio vulgaris was studied by Caffrey et al. (2007). Ghirardi et al. (2000)
opined that microalgae would be a promising supply of biohydrogen. Dasgupta et al.
(2010) have described the recent trends in hydrogen production by photobiological
processes and photobioreactors. Hydrogenase was found to be inactivated in extracellular extracts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by oxygen (Erbes et al. 1979).
continuous production of hydrogen by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was observed
by Fedorov et al. (2005a). Flynn et al. (2002) have generated oxygen-tolerant
phenotypes by mutations in hydrogen-producing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The
structure of NiFe and FeFe hydrogenases was described by Fontecilla-Camps et al.
(2007). Under anaerobic conditions, two [Fe]-hydrogenases were expressed in
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by Forestier et al. (2003). [FeFe] hydrogenase evolution from a genomic perspective was reviewed by Meyer (2007). Hydrogenase (Cpl)
from Eubacterium pasteurianum was crystallized by Peters et al. (1998). A
completely unique FeS cluster in Fe-only hydrogenases was discovered by Nicolet
et al. (2000). The events taking place during algal hydrogen production are shown in
Fig. 7.3
7.6 Factors Affecting the Production of Hydrogen by Algae
Higher yields of hydrogen were observed with immobilized anaerobic microflora by
Zhang et al. (2008). Hannon (2010) suggested that much more improvement is
required for algal fuel technology for making the process viable. Duangjan et al.
(2017) have compared the hydrogen generation capabilities of microalgae under
auxotrophic and mixotrophic cultural conditions. Microalgae isolated from wastewater of fisheries under different light intensities and atmospheric gas conditions
was investigated by Pholc han et al. (2017). Maswanna et al. (2020) have used green
alga Tetraspora sp. CU2551 for successful hydrogen generation using algination
immobilization by limiting sulfur. Genetically engineered microalgae were grown at
a larger scale for assessing risks for the environment (Beacham et al. 2017). The
7 Sustainable Production of Hydrogen by Algae: Current Status and Future. . .
193
takes place when exposed to oxygen (Erbes et al. 1979; Stripp and Happe 2009),
represents a major challenge, and needs to be overcome for efficient hydrogen
production. Stripp and Happe (2009) reported that carbon monoxide leads to reversible inactivation of algal FeFe hydrogenase by binding to the H-cluster of 2Fe
domain and may have a protective effect on the hydrogenase. The two hydrogenases
involved in hydrogen production are coded by HYDA1 and HYDA2 genes (Forestier
et al. 2003). With increasing light intensity, chlorophyll concentration increases
resulting in more number of electrons being generated. These electrons combine
with protons to form hydrogen (Rashid et al. 2013). One of the limitations of direct
biophotolysis is the duration of hydrogen evolution which it is only up to few
minutes. This is due to the simultaneous production of hydrogen and oxygen
molecules (Melis 2007).
The role of periplasmic hydrogenases within the sulfate-reducing microorganism
Desulfovibrio vulgaris was studied by Caffrey et al. (2007). Ghirardi et al. (2000)
opined that microalgae would be a promising supply of biohydrogen. Dasgupta et al.
(2010) have described the recent trends in hydrogen production by photobiological
processes and photobioreactors. Hydrogenase was found to be inactivated in extracellular extracts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by oxygen (Erbes et al. 1979).
continuous production of hydrogen by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was observed
by Fedorov et al. (2005a). Flynn et al. (2002) have generated oxygen-tolerant
phenotypes by mutations in hydrogen-producing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The
structure of NiFe and FeFe hydrogenases was described by Fontecilla-Camps et al.
(2007). Under anaerobic conditions, two [Fe]-hydrogenases were expressed in
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by Forestier et al. (2003). [FeFe] hydrogenase evolution from a genomic perspective was reviewed by Meyer (2007). Hydrogenase (Cpl)
from Eubacterium pasteurianum was crystallized by Peters et al. (1998). A
completely unique FeS cluster in Fe-only hydrogenases was discovered by Nicolet
et al. (2000). The events taking place during algal hydrogen production are shown in
Fig. 7.3
7.6 Factors Affecting the Production of Hydrogen by Algae
Higher yields of hydrogen were observed with immobilized anaerobic microflora by
Zhang et al. (2008). Hannon (2010) suggested that much more improvement is
required for algal fuel technology for making the process viable. Duangjan et al.
(2017) have compared the hydrogen generation capabilities of microalgae under
auxotrophic and mixotrophic cultural conditions. Microalgae isolated from wastewater of fisheries under different light intensities and atmospheric gas conditions
was investigated by Pholc han et al. (2017). Maswanna et al. (2020) have used green
alga Tetraspora sp. CU2551 for successful hydrogen generation using algination
immobilization by limiting sulfur. Genetically engineered microalgae were grown at
a larger scale for assessing risks for the environment (Beacham et al. 2017). The
7 Sustainable Production of Hydrogen by Algae: Current Status and Future. . .
193