of insect in an agroforestry system (Solomon et al. 2014). Extensive use of this
pesticide can create ecological disturbances and also causes a toxic effect on the
variety of living organisms in the environment (Giesy et al. 2014; Fu et al. 2015).
The structure of CPF is given in Fig. 4.9.
According to the study of de Sousa Fragoeiro (2005), the test isolates exhibited a
capacity for production of ligninolytic activity in the presence of pesticide mixture at
30 ppm level. In this study, T. versicolor produced very high activity of laccase with
680 U/ml in soil extract medium in the presence of pesticide mixture at 30 ppm level.
Suppression of growth of P. chrysosporium at higher concentration of chlorpyrifos
at 30 ppm in mineral salt, the medium was recognized by Rajakumar and
Umamaheswari (2014). Wali et al. (2020) reported that compared to the control
samples, the presence of chlorpyrifos at 100 mg/L concentrations suppressed production of laccase enzyme in Pleurotus sajorcaju at any point in time intervals.
Shanthi Kumari et al. (2019) studied the influence of chlorpyrifos (at single
concentration 20 ppm level) on the secretion of three LE (LAC, MnP, LiP) in
white rot fungus Stereum ostrea under submerged fermentation and stationary
conditions. Enhanced secretion of LE was noticed in 20 ppm concentration
CPF-amended culture medium rather than control (without CPF) cultures of Stereum
ostrea under SMF. Maximum activities of LAC (214.362 U/ml), MnP (82.74 U/ml),
and LiP (8.05 U/ml) were, respectively, noticed on CPF-amended medium against
the same condition of without CPF culture medium. Maximum LAC (138.064 U/
ml), MnP (51.84 U/ml), and LiP (6.44 U/ml) were recorded on the tenth day of
incubation. Reduced secretions of LMEs were observed in CPF-amended culture
medium rather than control samples under stationary conditions. Enhanced growth
of Stereum ostrea was also noticed in CPF-amended culture medium under the same
SmF conditions. In Fig. 4.10, Shanthi Kumari et al. (2019) presented the growth of
Stereum ostrea in the presence/absence of CPF under SmF and stationary conditions
on the tenth day of incubation. Additionally in the same Fig. 4.10 authors identified
laccase as an enzyme in liquid culture medium treated with CPF.
Severe toxicity of chlorpyrifos at the highest concentration (40 ppm) toward
secretion of intracellular proteins including ligninolytic enzymes by S. ostrea and
at the same the concentration of CPF inhibited the growth of the fungal culture
(Shanthi Kumari 2014).
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
O P
O
O
S
CH 3
CH 3
Fig. 4.9 Chemical structure
of chlorpyrifos
4 Influence of Xenobiotics on Fungal Ligninolytic Enzymes
105
pesticide can create ecological disturbances and also causes a toxic effect on the
variety of living organisms in the environment (Giesy et al. 2014; Fu et al. 2015).
The structure of CPF is given in Fig. 4.9.
According to the study of de Sousa Fragoeiro (2005), the test isolates exhibited a
capacity for production of ligninolytic activity in the presence of pesticide mixture at
30 ppm level. In this study, T. versicolor produced very high activity of laccase with
680 U/ml in soil extract medium in the presence of pesticide mixture at 30 ppm level.
Suppression of growth of P. chrysosporium at higher concentration of chlorpyrifos
at 30 ppm in mineral salt, the medium was recognized by Rajakumar and
Umamaheswari (2014). Wali et al. (2020) reported that compared to the control
samples, the presence of chlorpyrifos at 100 mg/L concentrations suppressed production of laccase enzyme in Pleurotus sajorcaju at any point in time intervals.
Shanthi Kumari et al. (2019) studied the influence of chlorpyrifos (at single
concentration 20 ppm level) on the secretion of three LE (LAC, MnP, LiP) in
white rot fungus Stereum ostrea under submerged fermentation and stationary
conditions. Enhanced secretion of LE was noticed in 20 ppm concentration
CPF-amended culture medium rather than control (without CPF) cultures of Stereum
ostrea under SMF. Maximum activities of LAC (214.362 U/ml), MnP (82.74 U/ml),
and LiP (8.05 U/ml) were, respectively, noticed on CPF-amended medium against
the same condition of without CPF culture medium. Maximum LAC (138.064 U/
ml), MnP (51.84 U/ml), and LiP (6.44 U/ml) were recorded on the tenth day of
incubation. Reduced secretions of LMEs were observed in CPF-amended culture
medium rather than control samples under stationary conditions. Enhanced growth
of Stereum ostrea was also noticed in CPF-amended culture medium under the same
SmF conditions. In Fig. 4.10, Shanthi Kumari et al. (2019) presented the growth of
Stereum ostrea in the presence/absence of CPF under SmF and stationary conditions
on the tenth day of incubation. Additionally in the same Fig. 4.10 authors identified
laccase as an enzyme in liquid culture medium treated with CPF.
Severe toxicity of chlorpyrifos at the highest concentration (40 ppm) toward
secretion of intracellular proteins including ligninolytic enzymes by S. ostrea and
at the same the concentration of CPF inhibited the growth of the fungal culture
(Shanthi Kumari 2014).
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
O P
O
O
S
CH 3
CH 3
Fig. 4.9 Chemical structure
of chlorpyrifos
4 Influence of Xenobiotics on Fungal Ligninolytic Enzymes
105