4.3.3 Effect of Isoproturon
Growth of P. chrysosporium on the straw of wheat treated with isoproturon at70 μg/
g in SSF resulted in secretion of LMEs of 0.306 U/g (MnP) and 0.20 U/g (LiP),
respectively, at a peak time interval (Castillo et al. 2001).
4.3.4 Effect of Herbicides Diuron and Bentazon
Herbicides bentazon and diuron were strong inducers of LAC for Ganoderma
lucidum (Coelho et al. 2010). The production of LAC activity in culture filtrates of
7 days incubation of Ganoderma lucidum grown by the treatment of herbicides
bentazon and diuron at 20 and 80 μg/ml, respectively, was 170 and 207 Ug
À1 (Unit/
dry biomass) as against 20 Ug
À1 of laccase production by the same culture on
herbicide-free medium. The influence of diuron and bentazon on the secretion of
another ligninolytic enzyme MnP by Ganoderma lucidum was less pronounced in
absolute terms. The MnP activity was enhanced by the treatment of diuron at 80 μg/
ml from 0.7 Ug
À1 (control) to 8.6 Ug
À1 . Coelho et al. (2010) have also observed that
the activity of LiP in the supernatant of G. lucidum grown on medium with/without
herbicides was not detected. The electrophoresis analysis of extracellular enzymes in
culture filtrate of G. lucidum in the presence/absence of herbicides indicated that
laccase isoform 2 was induced while laccase isoform 1 was suppressed.
4.3.5 Effect of Diuron
Supplementation of diuron (7 μg/ml) increased the lignin peroxidase activities from
47 U/L (at day 7) to 88 U/L at the tenth-day interval. The maximal manganese
peroxidase activity was noticed in P. chrysosporium treated with diuron (7 μg/ml), at
5 days of incubation; in the absence and presence of diuron, MnP activities were
20.0 U/L and 22.4 U/L. It was also noticed that MnP activities in the culture filtrates
in the absence/presence of diuron after 10 days of incubation were 15.4 and 29.4 U/
L, respectively (Coelho-Moreira et al. 2013). Laccase was not at all detected in the
culture filtrate of P. chrysosporium grown in the presence of diuron (Coelho-Moreira
et al. 2013).
4.3.6 Effect of Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethylO-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)phosphorothioate)] is considered as one of the OP pesticides which is widely used for the control of a variety
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B. S. Shanthi Kumari et al.
Growth of P. chrysosporium on the straw of wheat treated with isoproturon at70 μg/
g in SSF resulted in secretion of LMEs of 0.306 U/g (MnP) and 0.20 U/g (LiP),
respectively, at a peak time interval (Castillo et al. 2001).
4.3.4 Effect of Herbicides Diuron and Bentazon
Herbicides bentazon and diuron were strong inducers of LAC for Ganoderma
lucidum (Coelho et al. 2010). The production of LAC activity in culture filtrates of
7 days incubation of Ganoderma lucidum grown by the treatment of herbicides
bentazon and diuron at 20 and 80 μg/ml, respectively, was 170 and 207 Ug
À1 (Unit/
dry biomass) as against 20 Ug
À1 of laccase production by the same culture on
herbicide-free medium. The influence of diuron and bentazon on the secretion of
another ligninolytic enzyme MnP by Ganoderma lucidum was less pronounced in
absolute terms. The MnP activity was enhanced by the treatment of diuron at 80 μg/
ml from 0.7 Ug
À1 (control) to 8.6 Ug
À1 . Coelho et al. (2010) have also observed that
the activity of LiP in the supernatant of G. lucidum grown on medium with/without
herbicides was not detected. The electrophoresis analysis of extracellular enzymes in
culture filtrate of G. lucidum in the presence/absence of herbicides indicated that
laccase isoform 2 was induced while laccase isoform 1 was suppressed.
4.3.5 Effect of Diuron
Supplementation of diuron (7 μg/ml) increased the lignin peroxidase activities from
47 U/L (at day 7) to 88 U/L at the tenth-day interval. The maximal manganese
peroxidase activity was noticed in P. chrysosporium treated with diuron (7 μg/ml), at
5 days of incubation; in the absence and presence of diuron, MnP activities were
20.0 U/L and 22.4 U/L. It was also noticed that MnP activities in the culture filtrates
in the absence/presence of diuron after 10 days of incubation were 15.4 and 29.4 U/
L, respectively (Coelho-Moreira et al. 2013). Laccase was not at all detected in the
culture filtrate of P. chrysosporium grown in the presence of diuron (Coelho-Moreira
et al. 2013).
4.3.6 Effect of Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethylO-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)phosphorothioate)] is considered as one of the OP pesticides which is widely used for the control of a variety
104
B. S. Shanthi Kumari et al.