4.3 Effect of Xenobiotics on the Secretion of LMEs by WRF
4.3.1 Effect of Malathion
Some xenobiotics enhance the secretion of LMEs in WRF. Ligninolytic enzymes –
LiP, manganese peroxidase, and LAC by P. ostreatus were stimulated upon growth
for 10 days culture medium amended with lower concentrations of Malathion at
25 and 50 μg/ml (Ganash et al. 2016). At 25 μg/ml of the concentration of Malathion,
the productivity of lignin peroxidase, MnP, and LAC by P. ostreatus at the end of
10-day incubation was 0.51, 0.53, and 4.30 U/ml, respectively, and was increased
than that of the respective enzyme secreted by the same culture of control (absence of
Malathion). The productivity of LMEs by the same culture at a higher concentration
(100 μg/ml) of Malathion was inhibited in comparison to control (Ganash et al.
2016).
4.3.2 Effect of Lindane
Ganoderma lucidum GL-2 strain is grown on the rice-bran substrate at 30
C and
pH 5.6 treated with 4 ppm lindane in the liquid medium, as well as in SSF, induced
production of LMEs (Kaur et al. 2016). In SmF, 100.13 U/ml of LAC, 50.96 U/ml of
MnP, and 17.43 U/ml of LiP enzymes were noticed whereas the SSF system gave
yields of 156.82 U/g of laccase, 80.11 U/g of MnP, and 18.61 U/g of LiP enzyme
activities (Kaur et al. 2016). Further rise of lindane to 40 ppm concentration in both
SmF and SSF led to the suppression of the secretion of LMEs by G. lucidum.
However, there was an increase in the secretion of extracellular protein content by
G. lucidum at higher (40 ppm) concentration of lindane (Kaur et al. 2016).
Table 4.2 Influence of xenobiotics (at concentration level) on the growth of WRF
S. No. Xenobiotic
White rot fungi
Growth
response
Positive/
Negative
References
1.
Malathion
Pleurotus ostreatus
À (100 ppm)
Ganash et al. (2016)
2.
Diuron
Phanerochaete
chrysosporium
+ (19 ppm)
À (beyond
19 ppm)
Coelho-Moreira et al.
(2013)
3.
PAHs
Pleurotus ostreatus
+ (26 ppm–
80 ppm)
Torres et al. (2016)
4.
PAHs
Ganoderma lucidum
+ (2 ppm)
À (100 ppm)
Ting et al. (2011)
5.
2,4,6trinitrotoluene
Cerena unicolor
+ (6 ppm)
À (60 ppm)
Kachlishvili et al.
(2016)
Notes: Positive: Enhanced or increasing the growth of WRF, Negative: Inhibit the growth of WRF
4 Influence of Xenobiotics on Fungal Ligninolytic Enzymes
103
4.3.1 Effect of Malathion
Some xenobiotics enhance the secretion of LMEs in WRF. Ligninolytic enzymes –
LiP, manganese peroxidase, and LAC by P. ostreatus were stimulated upon growth
for 10 days culture medium amended with lower concentrations of Malathion at
25 and 50 μg/ml (Ganash et al. 2016). At 25 μg/ml of the concentration of Malathion,
the productivity of lignin peroxidase, MnP, and LAC by P. ostreatus at the end of
10-day incubation was 0.51, 0.53, and 4.30 U/ml, respectively, and was increased
than that of the respective enzyme secreted by the same culture of control (absence of
Malathion). The productivity of LMEs by the same culture at a higher concentration
(100 μg/ml) of Malathion was inhibited in comparison to control (Ganash et al.
2016).
4.3.2 Effect of Lindane
Ganoderma lucidum GL-2 strain is grown on the rice-bran substrate at 30
C and
pH 5.6 treated with 4 ppm lindane in the liquid medium, as well as in SSF, induced
production of LMEs (Kaur et al. 2016). In SmF, 100.13 U/ml of LAC, 50.96 U/ml of
MnP, and 17.43 U/ml of LiP enzymes were noticed whereas the SSF system gave
yields of 156.82 U/g of laccase, 80.11 U/g of MnP, and 18.61 U/g of LiP enzyme
activities (Kaur et al. 2016). Further rise of lindane to 40 ppm concentration in both
SmF and SSF led to the suppression of the secretion of LMEs by G. lucidum.
However, there was an increase in the secretion of extracellular protein content by
G. lucidum at higher (40 ppm) concentration of lindane (Kaur et al. 2016).
Table 4.2 Influence of xenobiotics (at concentration level) on the growth of WRF
S. No. Xenobiotic
White rot fungi
Growth
response
Positive/
Negative
References
1.
Malathion
Pleurotus ostreatus
À (100 ppm)
Ganash et al. (2016)
2.
Diuron
Phanerochaete
chrysosporium
+ (19 ppm)
À (beyond
19 ppm)
Coelho-Moreira et al.
(2013)
3.
PAHs
Pleurotus ostreatus
+ (26 ppm–
80 ppm)
Torres et al. (2016)
4.
PAHs
Ganoderma lucidum
+ (2 ppm)
À (100 ppm)
Ting et al. (2011)
5.
2,4,6trinitrotoluene
Cerena unicolor
+ (6 ppm)
À (60 ppm)
Kachlishvili et al.
(2016)
Notes: Positive: Enhanced or increasing the growth of WRF, Negative: Inhibit the growth of WRF
4 Influence of Xenobiotics on Fungal Ligninolytic Enzymes
103