(Torres et al. 2016). In contrast, mycelial biomass of Ganoderma lucidum decreased
with an increase in the concentration level of PAH in medium (Ting et al. 2011).
When PAH concentration was increased from 2 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml in the fungal
culture broth, the biomass of G. lucidum decreased from 0.18 to 0.10 g after 10 days
(Ting et al. 2011). Growth of Polyporus sp. on pyrene in mineral salts medium
(MSM) was influenced by the treatment of surfactants, Tween 80 (Lazim and
Hadibarata 2016). Tween 80 was relatively more effective in enhancing the growth
of Polyporus sp. on pyrene. The enhancement in the growth of Polyporus sp. on
pyrene by Tween 80 was attributed to the higher solubility of pyrene in the presence
of surfactant and the increasing availability of pyrene to the culture.
4.2.10 Influence of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Nitro-aromatic explosive 2,4,6-tri-nitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolites cause
contamination of water and soil and also which can create major ecological problems
in the worldwide. TNT exhibits mutagenic and toxic effect on microorganisms,
plants, animals, and humans (Lewis et al. 2004; Claus 2014). The 2,4,6trinitrotoluene chemical structure is shown in Fig. 4.8.
Nitro-aromatic explosive—2,4,6 trinitrotoluene at lower concentrations up to
6 μg/ml (0.03 mM) was innocuous to Cerena unicolor, but trinitrotoluene at a higher
concentration of 60 μg/ml (0.3 mM) was toxic to the same culture as reflected by
75% inhibition of growth at the end of second-day incubation (Kachlishvili et al.
2016). C. unicolor recovered from the toxicity of trinitrotoluene at a higher concentration by 6 days as reflected by biomass. Effect of xenobiotics (at concentration
level) on the growth of WRF is given in Table 4.2.
a)
b)
Fig. 4.7 Chemical
structures of (a)
phenanthrene and (b) pyrene
CH 3
N
+
O
-
O
N
+
O
-
O
N
+
O
-
O
Fig. 4.8 2,4,6trinitrotoluene
102
B. S. Shanthi Kumari et al.
with an increase in the concentration level of PAH in medium (Ting et al. 2011).
When PAH concentration was increased from 2 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml in the fungal
culture broth, the biomass of G. lucidum decreased from 0.18 to 0.10 g after 10 days
(Ting et al. 2011). Growth of Polyporus sp. on pyrene in mineral salts medium
(MSM) was influenced by the treatment of surfactants, Tween 80 (Lazim and
Hadibarata 2016). Tween 80 was relatively more effective in enhancing the growth
of Polyporus sp. on pyrene. The enhancement in the growth of Polyporus sp. on
pyrene by Tween 80 was attributed to the higher solubility of pyrene in the presence
of surfactant and the increasing availability of pyrene to the culture.
4.2.10 Influence of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Nitro-aromatic explosive 2,4,6-tri-nitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolites cause
contamination of water and soil and also which can create major ecological problems
in the worldwide. TNT exhibits mutagenic and toxic effect on microorganisms,
plants, animals, and humans (Lewis et al. 2004; Claus 2014). The 2,4,6trinitrotoluene chemical structure is shown in Fig. 4.8.
Nitro-aromatic explosive—2,4,6 trinitrotoluene at lower concentrations up to
6 μg/ml (0.03 mM) was innocuous to Cerena unicolor, but trinitrotoluene at a higher
concentration of 60 μg/ml (0.3 mM) was toxic to the same culture as reflected by
75% inhibition of growth at the end of second-day incubation (Kachlishvili et al.
2016). C. unicolor recovered from the toxicity of trinitrotoluene at a higher concentration by 6 days as reflected by biomass. Effect of xenobiotics (at concentration
level) on the growth of WRF is given in Table 4.2.
a)
b)
Fig. 4.7 Chemical
structures of (a)
phenanthrene and (b) pyrene
CH 3
N
+
O
-
O
N
+
O
-
O
N
+
O
-
O
Fig. 4.8 2,4,6trinitrotoluene
102
B. S. Shanthi Kumari et al.