4.2.7 Effect of Diuron and Bentazon
Coelho et al. (2010) reported that herbicides bentazon and diuron were added into
the medium after 3 days of growth of the WRF—Ganoderma lucidum on glucose
basal medium; further incubation of this culture for 7 more days after the incorporation of herbicides resulted in inhibition of growth of the Ganoderma lucidum. The
extent of suppression of cultural growth of Ganoderma lucidum was dependent on
the dose of herbicides employed and at the highest concentration of 80 μM of diuron,
about 50% growth was observed in comparison to that in control. Growth of the
fungus Ganoderma lucidum was slightly inhibited at the lower level concentrations
(5 mM bentazon and 30 mM diuron) of the herbicides treatment, while at the
increased concentrations (80 mM diuron and 20 mM bentazon), the growth was
severely reduced so that less than 60% of the mycelial growth was obtained after
10 days of the incubation period (Coelho et al. 2010).
4.2.8 Effect of Fungicides (Thiram, Zineb, or PCP)
and Heavy Metals
Barajas-Aceves et al. (2002) reported that inhibition of growth in terms of ergosterol
content within a range of 30–70% occurred upon exposure of Coriolopsis gallica
8260 to fungicides (Thiram, Zineb, or PCP) heavy metals and during 7 days of the
incubation period (Barajas-Aceves et al. 2002).
4.2.9 Effect of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
PAHs are a kind of pollutants that are frequently discharged into the ecosystem as a
result of incomplete incineration of organic materials such as oil, gasoline, coal,
municipal and industrial wastes (Juhasz and Naidu 2000; Ijoma and Tekere 2017;
Kadri et al. 2017). Structurally PAHs consist of three/additional benzene fused rings,
arranged in the angular, cluster, or linear arrangements (Di Toro et al. 2000).
Continuous exposure to PAHs causes acute toxic effects in humans such as nausea,
vomiting, and eye irritation. Higher-level concentrations of PAHs exhibit carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic, genotoxic effects. PAHs can also cause suppress
immune reactions, skin inflammation, during the pregnancy affect the embryonic
developments, liver and kidney damage (Rostami and Juhasz 2011; Rengarajan et al.
2015). The chemical structures of phenanthrene and pyrene are given in Fig. 4.7.
The growth of the WRF—Pleurotus ostreatus increased with higher concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in culture broth (Torres et al. 2016). There
was a rise in biomass yield from 1.253 g at 26 μg/ml concentration of PAH to 1.67 g
at 80 μg/ml concentration of PAH upon the growth of P. ostreatus for 15 days
4 Influence of Xenobiotics on Fungal Ligninolytic Enzymes
101
Coelho et al. (2010) reported that herbicides bentazon and diuron were added into
the medium after 3 days of growth of the WRF—Ganoderma lucidum on glucose
basal medium; further incubation of this culture for 7 more days after the incorporation of herbicides resulted in inhibition of growth of the Ganoderma lucidum. The
extent of suppression of cultural growth of Ganoderma lucidum was dependent on
the dose of herbicides employed and at the highest concentration of 80 μM of diuron,
about 50% growth was observed in comparison to that in control. Growth of the
fungus Ganoderma lucidum was slightly inhibited at the lower level concentrations
(5 mM bentazon and 30 mM diuron) of the herbicides treatment, while at the
increased concentrations (80 mM diuron and 20 mM bentazon), the growth was
severely reduced so that less than 60% of the mycelial growth was obtained after
10 days of the incubation period (Coelho et al. 2010).
4.2.8 Effect of Fungicides (Thiram, Zineb, or PCP)
and Heavy Metals
Barajas-Aceves et al. (2002) reported that inhibition of growth in terms of ergosterol
content within a range of 30–70% occurred upon exposure of Coriolopsis gallica
8260 to fungicides (Thiram, Zineb, or PCP) heavy metals and during 7 days of the
incubation period (Barajas-Aceves et al. 2002).
4.2.9 Effect of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
PAHs are a kind of pollutants that are frequently discharged into the ecosystem as a
result of incomplete incineration of organic materials such as oil, gasoline, coal,
municipal and industrial wastes (Juhasz and Naidu 2000; Ijoma and Tekere 2017;
Kadri et al. 2017). Structurally PAHs consist of three/additional benzene fused rings,
arranged in the angular, cluster, or linear arrangements (Di Toro et al. 2000).
Continuous exposure to PAHs causes acute toxic effects in humans such as nausea,
vomiting, and eye irritation. Higher-level concentrations of PAHs exhibit carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic, genotoxic effects. PAHs can also cause suppress
immune reactions, skin inflammation, during the pregnancy affect the embryonic
developments, liver and kidney damage (Rostami and Juhasz 2011; Rengarajan et al.
2015). The chemical structures of phenanthrene and pyrene are given in Fig. 4.7.
The growth of the WRF—Pleurotus ostreatus increased with higher concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in culture broth (Torres et al. 2016). There
was a rise in biomass yield from 1.253 g at 26 μg/ml concentration of PAH to 1.67 g
at 80 μg/ml concentration of PAH upon the growth of P. ostreatus for 15 days
4 Influence of Xenobiotics on Fungal Ligninolytic Enzymes
101