Addition of salt enhanced toxicity of diuron to the growth of a jelly fungus
Dacryopinox elegans, whereas glycerol suppressed toxicity of diuron toward the
growth of the same culture (Arakaki et al. 2013). In another experimental study
concentrations of diuron below 19 μg/ml in the medium did not affect the biomass
production of P. chrysosporium (Coelho-Moreira et al. 2013). A higher concentration of diuron beyond 19 μg/ml resulted in inhibition of the biomass of the same
fungal culture (Coelho-Moreira et al. 2013).
4.2.6 Effect of Chlorophenols
A chlorophenol is a phenolic organochloride (OC) consisting of one or more
chlorine atoms that are covalently bonded to the compound. In an environment
generally, Chlorophenols with five types have been identified (mono- to pentachlorophenol). Chlorophenols are produced by electrophilic halogenation of phenol with
chlorine. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine compound and used as a
pesticide and a disinfectant. Pentachlorophenol chemical structure is given in
Fig. 4.6.
Tortella et al. (2008) isolated 11 fungal cultures from different locations of forests
in Chile and tested the growth in the presence of a variety of chlorophenols including
pentachlorophenol with measurement of the diameter of the colony of the culture on
solid medium. Tortella et al. (2008) reported that the growth of two fungal cultures
(Galerina patagonica and Inonotus sp.) in the presence of DCP (2,4-dichlorophenol)
at 25 mg
À1 was comparable to the growth of the same cultures in the absence of DCP
indicting 100% tolerance. Fungal cultures, Lenzites betulina, Phanerochaete
chrysosporium, S. hirsutum, and T. versicolor exhibited moderate tolerance with
about 50% inhibition in growth at 25 mg L
À1 of DCP. In contrast tolerance of the
same cultures was further reduced with an increase in DCP concentration to 50 mg/
L
À1 . Other chlorophenols such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were severely toxic to the fungal cultures with detection of growth in
respect of only one or two cultures—Lenzites betulina and Stereum sp. Growth of
these cultures in the presence of DCP, TCP, and PCP even at 50 mg L
À1 was
improved after adaptation to DCP at 25 mg L
À1 for 25 days (Tortella et al. 2008).
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
OH
Fig. 4.6 Pentachlorophenol
100
B. S. Shanthi Kumari et al.
Dacryopinox elegans, whereas glycerol suppressed toxicity of diuron toward the
growth of the same culture (Arakaki et al. 2013). In another experimental study
concentrations of diuron below 19 μg/ml in the medium did not affect the biomass
production of P. chrysosporium (Coelho-Moreira et al. 2013). A higher concentration of diuron beyond 19 μg/ml resulted in inhibition of the biomass of the same
fungal culture (Coelho-Moreira et al. 2013).
4.2.6 Effect of Chlorophenols
A chlorophenol is a phenolic organochloride (OC) consisting of one or more
chlorine atoms that are covalently bonded to the compound. In an environment
generally, Chlorophenols with five types have been identified (mono- to pentachlorophenol). Chlorophenols are produced by electrophilic halogenation of phenol with
chlorine. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine compound and used as a
pesticide and a disinfectant. Pentachlorophenol chemical structure is given in
Fig. 4.6.
Tortella et al. (2008) isolated 11 fungal cultures from different locations of forests
in Chile and tested the growth in the presence of a variety of chlorophenols including
pentachlorophenol with measurement of the diameter of the colony of the culture on
solid medium. Tortella et al. (2008) reported that the growth of two fungal cultures
(Galerina patagonica and Inonotus sp.) in the presence of DCP (2,4-dichlorophenol)
at 25 mg
À1 was comparable to the growth of the same cultures in the absence of DCP
indicting 100% tolerance. Fungal cultures, Lenzites betulina, Phanerochaete
chrysosporium, S. hirsutum, and T. versicolor exhibited moderate tolerance with
about 50% inhibition in growth at 25 mg L
À1 of DCP. In contrast tolerance of the
same cultures was further reduced with an increase in DCP concentration to 50 mg/
L
À1 . Other chlorophenols such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were severely toxic to the fungal cultures with detection of growth in
respect of only one or two cultures—Lenzites betulina and Stereum sp. Growth of
these cultures in the presence of DCP, TCP, and PCP even at 50 mg L
À1 was
improved after adaptation to DCP at 25 mg L
À1 for 25 days (Tortella et al. 2008).
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
OH
Fig. 4.6 Pentachlorophenol
100
B. S. Shanthi Kumari et al.