According to the studies of El-Ghany and Masmal (2016) on the impact of
assessment of insecticides (diazinon, profenofos, and malathion), the growth of
fungal cultures, T. harzianum, and M. anisopliae lowered significantly with higher
concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, profenofos, and malathion). Of the four fungal cultures (Fusarium oxysporum, Curvularia lunata,
T. Harzianum, and M. anisopliae) tested in this study, Fusarium oysporum exhibited
the highest tolerance to insecticides at higher concentrations as evident from better
growth yields (El-Ghany and Masmal 2016).
4.2.3 Effect of Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH)
The mixture of chemical isomers of 60 to 70% (α-hexachlorocyclohexane), 5–12%
(β-hexachlorocyclohexane), 10–12% γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, and 6–10%
δ-hexachlorocyclohexane are commonly known as hexachlorocyclohexanes
(HCH). From this γ-HCH, generally called as lindane, has pesticide activity and it
has been extensively utilized along with other isomers of commercial formulations
(Breivik et al. 1999; Li 1999). Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers have been
identified as toxicants, noted as environmental persistence, and also exhibited
potential carcinogenic effects. In certain soils, evaluated levels of these contaminants
were identified (Willett et al. 1998; Macrae et al. 1984). γ-HCH structure is
presented in Fig. 4.4.
Recently, Abbas and Yadegar (2015) reported inhibition of spore germination
and biomass of T. harzianum at higher concentrations of pesticides. Independent of
the fungal species, the delta-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) isomer had the greatest
adverse effect on the mycelial development, followed by miner effects by γ-HCH, ß–
HCH, and α-HCH isomers, respectively (Quintero et al. 2008). The highest inhibition of mycelial biomass was observed in the dose–response effect at 5 and
10 mgÁL
À1 of the respective delta-HCH isomers. A concentration of 10 mgÁL
À1
delta-HCH mycelia biomass was entirely reduced in Stereum hirsutum and inhibited
more than 80% of mycelial growth in Lentinus tigrinus, Phlebia radiata, Polyporus
Fig. 4.3 Chemical structure of (a) diazinon and (b) profenofos
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B. S. Shanthi Kumari et al.
assessment of insecticides (diazinon, profenofos, and malathion), the growth of
fungal cultures, T. harzianum, and M. anisopliae lowered significantly with higher
concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, profenofos, and malathion). Of the four fungal cultures (Fusarium oxysporum, Curvularia lunata,
T. Harzianum, and M. anisopliae) tested in this study, Fusarium oysporum exhibited
the highest tolerance to insecticides at higher concentrations as evident from better
growth yields (El-Ghany and Masmal 2016).
4.2.3 Effect of Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH)
The mixture of chemical isomers of 60 to 70% (α-hexachlorocyclohexane), 5–12%
(β-hexachlorocyclohexane), 10–12% γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, and 6–10%
δ-hexachlorocyclohexane are commonly known as hexachlorocyclohexanes
(HCH). From this γ-HCH, generally called as lindane, has pesticide activity and it
has been extensively utilized along with other isomers of commercial formulations
(Breivik et al. 1999; Li 1999). Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers have been
identified as toxicants, noted as environmental persistence, and also exhibited
potential carcinogenic effects. In certain soils, evaluated levels of these contaminants
were identified (Willett et al. 1998; Macrae et al. 1984). γ-HCH structure is
presented in Fig. 4.4.
Recently, Abbas and Yadegar (2015) reported inhibition of spore germination
and biomass of T. harzianum at higher concentrations of pesticides. Independent of
the fungal species, the delta-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) isomer had the greatest
adverse effect on the mycelial development, followed by miner effects by γ-HCH, ß–
HCH, and α-HCH isomers, respectively (Quintero et al. 2008). The highest inhibition of mycelial biomass was observed in the dose–response effect at 5 and
10 mgÁL
À1 of the respective delta-HCH isomers. A concentration of 10 mgÁL
À1
delta-HCH mycelia biomass was entirely reduced in Stereum hirsutum and inhibited
more than 80% of mycelial growth in Lentinus tigrinus, Phlebia radiata, Polyporus
Fig. 4.3 Chemical structure of (a) diazinon and (b) profenofos
98
B. S. Shanthi Kumari et al.