D’Souza et al. [65] (and references therein) papers. They present the long lifetime
of the charge-separated state in chlorine porphyrin and fullerene units and in ferrocene–porphyrin–fullerene systems. The papers [81, 82, 84] unquestionably
pointed out that the charge separation is viewed of electron transfer described in a
Marcus inverted region. It is closely connected with a small distance between
interacting units [84] Thus, super- and supramolecular covalent and non-covalent
systems consisting of organic chromophores and fullerene [102 and references
therein] are still under investigations. In some corrole-fullerene dyads investigated
by D’Souza et al., the reorganization energy values are estimated as 0.51–0.71 eV
depending on solvent polarity [65] and the charge separation rate ranges from 10
10
to 10
11 s
−1 . Also the charge transfer process and energy reorganization of porphyrin–fullerene complexes were investigated [103]; the reorganization energy
value in a porphyrin–fullerene dyad in benzene is about 0.23 eV.
3.7 Summarizing
Energy transfer in the systems containing corroles and fullerene has been presented
in several cited papers. However, there is still an open question concerning the
electron transfer and charge recombination processes. Thus, knowledge of basic
spectroscopic properties of corroles and fullerenes both in solutions and in a form of
ultrathin layers is needed to determine the conditions for receiving the best ultrathin
layers on solid substrates which could be applied in devices based on photoactive
corrole-fullerene.
In this chapter, we have concentrated on spectroscopic properties and interaction
of selected organic chromophores and their interaction with QD and fullerene C 60 .
Our attention has focused on three different electron/energy transfer models: from
the simplest models—dye–dye and porphyrin–quinone, through the metal
phthalocyanines with QD model, and more complex model—the corrole-fullerene
covalent dyad.
New organic chromophores like corroles and also fullerenes are an emerging
field in solar cell research as the photoactive materials. Since carbon-derivative
units are new extremely promising electronic materials in many scientific and life
science areas, in this chapter, we indicated how much studies are still extending
knowledge on the interaction of phthalocyanines with QD as well corroles with
fullerene covalent dyads and to confirm their donor-acceptor character. The final
effect of such necessary research should be finding suitable materials that will be
able to improve the photoefficiency of photoactive devices.
The fluorescence study (emission spectra and kinetics) presented in many papers
showed strong interaction between chromophores and C 60 or QD and clearly
demonstrated a strong donor-acceptor nature of the metal phthalocyanines-QD
system and of the corrole-fullerene C 60 dyad. The computer calculation (DFT)
confirmed the experimental results, in particular the redistribution of the p-electrons
in the excited state and the location of the HOMO and LUMO levels and the
116
D. Wróbel and B. Barszcz
of the charge-separated state in chlorine porphyrin and fullerene units and in ferrocene–porphyrin–fullerene systems. The papers [81, 82, 84] unquestionably
pointed out that the charge separation is viewed of electron transfer described in a
Marcus inverted region. It is closely connected with a small distance between
interacting units [84] Thus, super- and supramolecular covalent and non-covalent
systems consisting of organic chromophores and fullerene [102 and references
therein] are still under investigations. In some corrole-fullerene dyads investigated
by D’Souza et al., the reorganization energy values are estimated as 0.51–0.71 eV
depending on solvent polarity [65] and the charge separation rate ranges from 10
10
to 10
11 s
−1 . Also the charge transfer process and energy reorganization of porphyrin–fullerene complexes were investigated [103]; the reorganization energy
value in a porphyrin–fullerene dyad in benzene is about 0.23 eV.
3.7 Summarizing
Energy transfer in the systems containing corroles and fullerene has been presented
in several cited papers. However, there is still an open question concerning the
electron transfer and charge recombination processes. Thus, knowledge of basic
spectroscopic properties of corroles and fullerenes both in solutions and in a form of
ultrathin layers is needed to determine the conditions for receiving the best ultrathin
layers on solid substrates which could be applied in devices based on photoactive
corrole-fullerene.
In this chapter, we have concentrated on spectroscopic properties and interaction
of selected organic chromophores and their interaction with QD and fullerene C 60 .
Our attention has focused on three different electron/energy transfer models: from
the simplest models—dye–dye and porphyrin–quinone, through the metal
phthalocyanines with QD model, and more complex model—the corrole-fullerene
covalent dyad.
New organic chromophores like corroles and also fullerenes are an emerging
field in solar cell research as the photoactive materials. Since carbon-derivative
units are new extremely promising electronic materials in many scientific and life
science areas, in this chapter, we indicated how much studies are still extending
knowledge on the interaction of phthalocyanines with QD as well corroles with
fullerene covalent dyads and to confirm their donor-acceptor character. The final
effect of such necessary research should be finding suitable materials that will be
able to improve the photoefficiency of photoactive devices.
The fluorescence study (emission spectra and kinetics) presented in many papers
showed strong interaction between chromophores and C 60 or QD and clearly
demonstrated a strong donor-acceptor nature of the metal phthalocyanines-QD
system and of the corrole-fullerene C 60 dyad. The computer calculation (DFT)
confirmed the experimental results, in particular the redistribution of the p-electrons
in the excited state and the location of the HOMO and LUMO levels and the
116
D. Wróbel and B. Barszcz