time-consuming. QCM results to be an appropriate sensing platform for the online
monitoring of analytes in water.
4 Conclusions
The availability of in-situ measurements and multiple detection analyses has
expanded water monitoring applications in various advanced techniques including
successful development in hand-held sensing devices. High sensitivity and real-time
monitoring of contaminants in water is offered by quartz crystal microbalance
(QCM) that is a very attractive technique for a large range of applications.
A major advantage of the technique used for liquid systems is that it allows for a
label-free detection of molecules. QCM is capable of measuring mass changes as
small as a fraction of a monolayer of atoms. QCM crystals are becoming a good
alternative analytical method in a great deal of applications such as biosensors,
analysis of biomolecular interactions, study of bacterial adhesion at specific interfaces, and pathogen and microorganism detection.
References
1. Richardson SD, Thruston AD, Collette TW, Patterson KS, Lyklns BW, Majetich G, Zhang Y
(1994) Multispectral identification of chlorine dioxide disinfection byproducts in drinking
water. Environ Sci Technol 28(4):592–599
2. Archibald RG (1927) An unusual case of infection with a non-motile strain of B. typhosus in an
individual previously inoculated with T. A. B. vaccine. J Trop Med Hyg 30:125–126
3. Slanetz LW, Bent DF, Bartley CH (1955) Use of the membrane filter technique to enumerate
enterococci in water. Public Health Rep 70(1):67
4. Kabler P (1954) Water examinations by membrane filter and most probable number procedures.
Am J Public Health Nations Health 44(3):379–386
5. Figueiró CSM, Bastos de Oliveira D, Russo MR, Caires ARL, Rojas SS (2018) Fish farming
water quality monitored by optical analysis: the potential application of UV–Vis absorption and
fluorescence spectroscopy. Aquaculture 490:91–97
6. Savichtcheva O, Okayama N, Ito T, Okabe S (2005) Application of a direct fluorescence-based
live/dead staining combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization for assessment of survival
rate of Bacteroides spp. in drinking water. Biotechnol Bioeng 92(3):356–363
7. Bosserhoff AK, Hellerbrand C (2009) Capillary electrophoresis. Molecular diagnostics: second
edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 59–73
8. Kenndler E, Maier NM (2018) Capillary electrophoresis in organic solvents. Capillary
electromigration separation methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 69–111
9. El Hadri H, Gigault J, Chéry P, Potin-Gautier M, Lespes G (2014) Optimization of flow fieldflow fractionation for the characterization of natural colloids field-flow fractionation. Anal
Bioanal Chem 406(6):1639–1649
10. Lasagna C, Raffo E, Foppiano D (2011) Potential presence of trihalomethanes in water intended
for human consumption. J Biol Res 84(1):111–113
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors: New Tools for the Assessment of. . .
339
monitoring of analytes in water.
4 Conclusions
The availability of in-situ measurements and multiple detection analyses has
expanded water monitoring applications in various advanced techniques including
successful development in hand-held sensing devices. High sensitivity and real-time
monitoring of contaminants in water is offered by quartz crystal microbalance
(QCM) that is a very attractive technique for a large range of applications.
A major advantage of the technique used for liquid systems is that it allows for a
label-free detection of molecules. QCM is capable of measuring mass changes as
small as a fraction of a monolayer of atoms. QCM crystals are becoming a good
alternative analytical method in a great deal of applications such as biosensors,
analysis of biomolecular interactions, study of bacterial adhesion at specific interfaces, and pathogen and microorganism detection.
References
1. Richardson SD, Thruston AD, Collette TW, Patterson KS, Lyklns BW, Majetich G, Zhang Y
(1994) Multispectral identification of chlorine dioxide disinfection byproducts in drinking
water. Environ Sci Technol 28(4):592–599
2. Archibald RG (1927) An unusual case of infection with a non-motile strain of B. typhosus in an
individual previously inoculated with T. A. B. vaccine. J Trop Med Hyg 30:125–126
3. Slanetz LW, Bent DF, Bartley CH (1955) Use of the membrane filter technique to enumerate
enterococci in water. Public Health Rep 70(1):67
4. Kabler P (1954) Water examinations by membrane filter and most probable number procedures.
Am J Public Health Nations Health 44(3):379–386
5. Figueiró CSM, Bastos de Oliveira D, Russo MR, Caires ARL, Rojas SS (2018) Fish farming
water quality monitored by optical analysis: the potential application of UV–Vis absorption and
fluorescence spectroscopy. Aquaculture 490:91–97
6. Savichtcheva O, Okayama N, Ito T, Okabe S (2005) Application of a direct fluorescence-based
live/dead staining combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization for assessment of survival
rate of Bacteroides spp. in drinking water. Biotechnol Bioeng 92(3):356–363
7. Bosserhoff AK, Hellerbrand C (2009) Capillary electrophoresis. Molecular diagnostics: second
edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 59–73
8. Kenndler E, Maier NM (2018) Capillary electrophoresis in organic solvents. Capillary
electromigration separation methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 69–111
9. El Hadri H, Gigault J, Chéry P, Potin-Gautier M, Lespes G (2014) Optimization of flow fieldflow fractionation for the characterization of natural colloids field-flow fractionation. Anal
Bioanal Chem 406(6):1639–1649
10. Lasagna C, Raffo E, Foppiano D (2011) Potential presence of trihalomethanes in water intended
for human consumption. J Biol Res 84(1):111–113
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors: New Tools for the Assessment of. . .
339